| Term | Definition |
|---|
| selective breeding | allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation |
| hybridization | crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms |
| inbreeding | the continues breeding of individuals with similar characteristics |
| increasing variation | Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability (ex. radiation and chemicals) |
| genetic engineering | making changes in the DNA code of a living organism |
| DNA extraction | cells are open and DNA is separated from the other cell parts |
| restriction enzymes | cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides (cutting DNA) |
| gel electrophoresis | mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to the gel (separating DNA) |
| Using the DNA sequence | Knowing the sequence of an organism's DNA allows researchers to study specific genes, to compare them with the genes of other organisms, and try to discover the function of different genes and gene combinations. |
| DNA polymerase | Reading the Sequence |
| recombinant DNA | produced by combining DNA from different sources (cutting and pasting) |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | 1. technique that allows molecular biologists to make copies of a particular gene 2. DNA heated to separate it's two strands, then cooled to allow primers to bind to a single-stranded DNA. DNA polymerase starts making copies of the regions between the primes. |
| cell transformation | During transformation, a cell takes in the DNA from outside the cell. This external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA. |
| plasmid | circular DNA molecule found in bacteria |
| genetic marker | a gene that makes if possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid (and the foriegn DNA) from those that don't. |
| successful transformation | recombinant DNA is intergrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell. |
| transgenic | organisims that contain genes from other species |
| clone | a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell |
| karyotype | a set of photographs of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs |
| sex chromosome | one of the two chromosomes that determine an individual's sex: females XX males XY |
| autosome | autosomal chromosome: chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| pedigree | chart that showsthe relationships within a family |
| sex linked gene | gene located on the Xor Y chromosome |
| Male X-link | Males have just one X chromosome. Thus, all X-linked alleles are expressed in males, even if they are recessive. |
| nondisjunction | 1. error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate 2. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes may find their way into gametes, and a disorder of chromosome numbers may result. |
| Autosomal Disorders in Humas | pg 345 |
| Sex-Linked Disorders | pgs 350-351 |
| Chromosomal Disorders | pg 353 |
| DNA fingerprinting | analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals |
| Human Genome project | ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence |
| gene therapy | an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal, working gene. |
| methemoglobinemia "blue people" | absence of the enzyme diaphorase from their red blood cells. In normal people hemoglobin is converted to methemoglobin at a very slow rate. If this conversion continued, all the body's hemoglobin would eventually be rendered useless. Normally diaphorase converts methemoglobin back to hemoglobinrecessive trait.100 milligrams of methylene blue (to turn pink) |
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