Movies
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Created by:
Torifreeman on October 24, 2012
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LSU Mass Comm
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57 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Edward Muybridge | 1878 - sequential photo of a horse in motion |
| Thomas Edison | 1889 - captured motion picture with only 1 camera |
| Kinetoscope | Coin-operated box to view his films |
| Vitascope | Introduced by Thomas Edison in 1896 |
| Movie Changes in 1900s | Development of film narrative Multiple shots New editing techniques Scenery Special effects |
| Changes in movie-making led to: | Larger audiences and specialized exhibition places, e.g. nickelodeons |
| Low costs and silent films | (no language barrier) attracted booming immigrant populations |
| Problems with Research | Films have disappeared Disintegration -Chemicals -Exposure to air and moisture Absent accounting -Sheer volume of production -Poor paper work -Selfish interests |
| Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC) 1908-12 | -Control over the supply of materials for movies and exhibition -Prohibitions against listing actors' names on screens -MPPC dissolved in 1917 for antitrust violations |
| MPPC rules (1908-12) | -Film stock provided only to licensed members of MPPC -Movies no longer than 10 minutes -No actor names on screen -Immigrant-run companies prospered by breaking MPPC rules |
| Immigrant-run companies (the "majors") 1908-12 | -Columbia Pictures -Paramount -Warner Brothers -Universal -Twentieth Century Fox -Metro-Golden Mayer |
| The Roaring 20s | Movies ran the gamut from swashbuckling adventure, comedy both slapstick and sexy, horror, and drama. |
| 1929 Movie called the Jazz Singer | Introduces sound to the audience |
| Strategies used by the majors | -Vertical integration -Studio system -Adoption of self-regulation |
| Vertical Integration | The studio controlled movie-making facilities, distribution, and theaters in the area |
| Studio system | -Star system -Division into A and B movie units -Series pictures -Block booking |
| Star System | Find and cultivate actors for long-term contracts |
| Block booking | The practice of forcing a theater to buy B films as a precondition for acquiring A films |
| Self Regulation | ~1919 - Supreme Court ruled no First Amendment protection for movies ~1922 - Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America ~1930 - The Hays Code |
| The Hay's Code | Spelled out what was acceptable/unacceptable content for motion pictures |
| Competition from television | The Rise of "Widescreen" (1952) More adult content Less Newsreels |
| Establishment of the MPAA | "Whose Afraid of Virginia Wolf" (1966), G, GP, R and X X not registered |
| Involvement with TV | Ideal medium for B movies |
| 1948 Distribution/Production | Paramount, Warner, MGM, and Fox split off production and distribution divisions (antitrust) |
| 1940s-1960s Changes | -Changes in movie viewing patterns (movie as "event entertainment") -Changes in the pattern of movie releases |
| 1960s Rating System | Move towards the MPAA film rating system |
| Technological changes 1960s-1990s | -Home videocassette recorder -Digital video disc -Cable/satellite technologies -Reshaped distribution & exhibition in movie industry |
| Early 70s | -Success of "Easy Rider" means more independent films -Movies like "The Godfather" (1972) and "The Exorcist" (1973) redefine genres -Audiences don't want to see unrealistic Hollywood films |
| Mid-Late 70s:The Rise of the Blockbuster | -"Jaws" becomes first summer blockbuster in 1975 Quickly followed by "Star Wars" (1977), "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" (1978) and Superman (1978) |
| Sequel mania 80s | -Popular films are recycled over and over again -Movies like "Friday the 13th (1980) and "Rocky" (1976) have built-in audiences ready to see the next chapter |
| VHS competition nearly kills independents 80s | -People would rather rent a movie than watch a poorly made one. Drive-in's die. -Genres like porn are relegated to the home. |
| CG rules 90s | -New, yet costly technology, makes movie-going experience better than watching TV -Movies like "Titanic (1998) and "Armageddon" (1976) wow audiences -VHS and theatres learn to co-exist |
| Motion picture industry | The industry that produces films that will first be exhibited in theaters |
| Modern motion picture industry | -1.5 billion movie tickets a year in the US -$9 billion in box office receipts -450-600 movies a year are shown on 35,000 US movie screens BIG INDUSTRY |
| Production | +Majors - produce less than third of movies, are also distributors of choice +Independents |
| Majors | -Disney -Warner Brothers -Twentieth Century Fox -Universal -Paramount -Sony (Columbia) |
| Making a movie | -Getting the idea -Getting the stars -Getting the money |
| Getting the idea | -Scriptwriter - his/her plot reaches producer via agent -Treatment -Producer green lights potentially successful film -Global markets a consideration |
| Getting the Stars | -Only major studies can afford expensive starts -Package deal - strategy to make producers take on other actors with the main star |
| Getting the Money | -60 mil. for major film -Budget picked first, story made to fit -Distribution crucial for recouping costs |
| Distribution | -Find movies to distribute -Release movies in theaters -Market the films |
| Movies for Distribution | -Movies created by distributor's studio -Movies from independent producers -Cost-sharing with other distributors |
| Release Pattern | -Wide release - more than 2000 theaters -Platform release - initial release in small number of theaters to build up buzz -Exclusive release - handful of theaters |
| Marketing the Movies | -Research -Creation of buzz -Tracking studies |
| Research | -Title testing - interviews with film-goers to determine number of attractive movie titles -Previewing - concept testing for newly completed films |
| Buzz | -P&A expenses - incurred from making copies of the film and advertising (~half of movie cost) -word of mouth more powerful than traditional advertising |
| Tracking Studies | Used 2 weeks before a film's release in order to research the public's awareness of, and interest in, the film. |
| 3% of movie chains control | 60% of theatrical exhibition |
| Major Exhibiting Chains | Regal AMC Cinemark Carmike Cineplex Entertainment National Amusements |
| Financial agreements between distributor and theater chain | Percentage of ticket sales Percentage-above-the-nut |
| Windows | Different distribution opportunities for a film |
| Non-thearical windows | Sales to rental outlets DVD release Pay-per-view in hotels Home cable & satellite pay-per-view Airline exhibition Subscription cable Broadcast network Local television stations |
| Distribution Today | New models of DVD rental -Redbox -Netflix (and other by mail companies) -Rental via internet streaming (iTunes) Internet -Streaming (Hulu, Netflix) Who gets the cost saving? -Customer, studio, distribution company? |
| Netflix | -At an impasse over paying studios enough to stream content -Raised prices, lost many customers -Spun off by-mail business, then backtracked -Turmoil!.... You media literate students now have additional tools to understand these changes |
| Piracy | -Threat of illegal download -Lawsuits against individuals -Damages for copyright infringement - $30,000 to $150,000/work + up to 5 years in jail |
| Cultural Colonialism | -US movies dominate box offices worldwide -US movies reproduce commercialism, immediate gratification, lack of environmental sensitivity |
| Counter-Arguments | -Many countries support local filmmakers -US movies preferred because high-quality -Foreign audiences interpret US movies using local cultural codes |
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