Civil rights
About this set
Created by:
maevedillon2 on October 24, 2012
Description:
defined in the constitution, the bill of rights, and other
Amendments to the constitution (13,14,15,19) by Precedents set by the previous court decisions.
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38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Civil rights | defined in the constitution, the bill of rights, and other Amendments to the constitution (13,14,15,19) by Precedents set by the previous court decisions. |
| Minorities | Have used the commerce clause (which gives congress the power to regulate interstate commerce) litigation, due process clause, and equal protection clause to expand civil rights. The biggest victory came with Brown v. Board of Education verdct that eneded school segregation. |
| 14th Amendment | says that "no state shall deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws". This is known as the equal protection clause. The equal protection clause has been responsible for helping underrepresented groups gain civil rights in cases ranging from racial profiling to sex discrimination. |
| 24th amendment | outlaws the use of Poll Taxes |
| Civil RIghts Act of 1964 | Barred race discrimination in public accomodations (hotels, resturants etc.) outlawed discrimination in hiring and firing, barred race discrimination in all public places (movie theaters) let government enforce segregation, withheld money from any school that practiced discrimination. |
| De Jure Segregation | Laws that made it a crime for black or white people to go to school together, or to be served together in public places. Ended by the civil Rights Act of 1964 |
| De Factco Segregation | segregation that comes about because of ecomonic or social conditions or results from individual choices |
| Fair Housing Act | Regulated discrimination on housing |
| Bakke v. California | Schools may take race into account but the use of quotas will be viewed with strict scrunitiny. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Said segregation did not exist if euqual accomodations are provided. |
| Brown v. Board of Education | said that segregation was inherently unequal regardless of equal facilities, supplies etc. |
| Suspect classification | race and national origin are suspect categories that are always viewed with strict scrutiny by the SC. |
| Equal Protection Clause | CLause in the constitution that forbids any state to deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. This applies only to the acts of government and not private individuals. IT does not prevent the government from establishing classifications of people; they just have to be reasonable classifications. Equal protection is granted by the 5th amendment (federal government) and the 14th amendment (states) |
| natural rights | right of all people to dignity and self worth. |
| Affirmative Action | Remedial action designed to overcome the effects of past discrimnation against minorties and women. opponents say it is reverse discrimination. |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Authorizes the appointment of federal examiners tyo register voters in areas that have been discrimnating. Says someone cannot be denied the right to vote because of race or sex. The VOting Right Act of 1965 was successful because it had a clear purpose for the law and the state and local officials knew that there were penalities for breaking the law. |
| Majority-Minority District | A congressional district created to include a majority of minority voters; ruled constitutional so long as race is not the main factor in redistricting. |
| Monetary Policy | the power to regulate the ecomony through controlling the money supply and inflation. is controlled mainly by the Federal Reserve Board. The Fed is made up a chairman and six members. The fed has 12 district banks. |
| Fiscal Policy | the power to regulate the ecomony throught taxing and spending. |
| Entitlements | government programs such as Social Security, Medicare and unemployment insurance to which qualified citizen are entitled by national legislation. Entitlements are an uncontrolllable because the national government cannot control the portion of incontrollable spending. Defense spending is largest portion of controllable spending. |
| State Department | Small department with the smallest budget. They aid the president in making foreign policy. helps in the US's relations with other nations. |
| Defense Department | Largest department with the largest budget. They aide the presdient in making foreign policy. coordinates the nation military activilities |
| Congress War Power | has very little say in foreign policy. has the power to declare war. (has done 5 times, last in WW II), the power to appropriate funds (the power of purse), power to set rules for thearmed forces. In a time of crisis, they act in Bipartisan manner and often yields to the wished of the president. |
| President's War Power | In a time of crisis the nation looks to the president because they need someone to make quick decisions. may commit troops for military action. Even though he cannot declare war, he can utiliz the power of popular opinion to motivate he public to support an endeavor. |
| War Powers Act | The president could deploy troops, but within 48 hours had to notify Congress. Congress then had to apporve the action or the president had to bring the troops home within 60 days. was created in 1973 after the Vietnam and Korean Wars in an effort by the congress to get some of the war power back. Presidents have largely ignored the law since its creation. |
| Keynesian Economic Policy | They type of economic policy we utilize in the US. Says that government spending should increase in business slumps and curbed during booms. believes in allowing the free market to operate, wiht government interveninbg inly when necessary. FDR believed in this style and utilized it during the Great Depression. Herbert Hoover believed in Laissez-Faire economics. |
| Joint Chiefs of staff | One of the presidents's foreign policy advisors. help to coordinate military activites between the branches of the military. They are made up of a chairmen and the vice chairmen as well as the Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Air Force and the Commandant of the Marines |
| Unfunded Mandates | When Congresss requires states and local government to cover costs of certain activities that they have made mandatory. Sometimes congress gives them some funds to carry out responsiblities. HOwever, many times they do not. Congress has agreed to pay closer attention. The Americans With Disablilities Act is an example. |
| Government Revenue | The largest source of income to the US government is the income tax. Both citizens and coportations pay income taxes .Originally the SC declared the income tax unconstitiuational. The 16th amendment gave the power to collet and levy taxes to Congress. |
| Progressive Tax | A graduated tax where the higher a person's income, the higher % they pay. An income tax is na example. |
| Regressive tax | an example is the sales tax. have the same rate for everyone regarless of how much money an individual makes. |
| Government Regulation | Because of a board interpretation of the Consumer Clause the federal government has the ability to regulate many interests. Business, the economy, the environment, health care, labor and saftey. The government even has the begun to intervene in education. However, that is still left predominately ot the state and local governments. |
| Treaties | are agreements between two nations. The president (along with help from the Secretary of state) negotates a treaty for the US. It becomes final when 2/3 of the senate approves. |
| Executive Agreement | pacts between the President and head of a foreign governement that have the leal status of treaties but do not require Senate approval. SInce WW II they have been used about 90% of the time because it's so much easier to comlete without the involvement of the Senate. |
| Independent Regulatory Agencies | A governement agency that exists outside the 3 branches of government and is responsible for enforcing particulare statues. Generally has quasi-judicial functions as well as excutive powers. |
| Health Care | Today there are about 44 million people without insurance. Most people are not insured not because they do not have, but because they cannot afford it and make too much money to qualitfy for Medicaid |
| Great Sociey | Created by Lyndon Johnson that sought to find the root cause of poverty. Medicare, Medicaid, Civil RIghts Act of 1964 and the Voting Right Act of 1965 were just some of the measures. Along with the New Deal, these were the 2 biggest initiatives to expand the role of the federal government. They were both criticized for being too expensive, |
| Welfare Reform | Promised by the Republicans as part of their "Contract with America" in 1994. The Republicans worked with Democratic President Bill Clinton to reform and send power back to the states. States would recieve block grants to adminsters as they saw fit. The new act made it so people could not recieve more than 5 years of benefits in their lives and 2 consecutive years of benefits. They had to show some work activity within 2 months. was a big part of the so called Devolution Revolution. |
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