Final Exam - Chapter 14
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Created by:
mmknighton on December 11, 2009
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93 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Postpartum Psychosis | a rare and severe form of depression that occurs in women just after giving birth and includes delusional thinking and hallucinations |
| Postpartum Depression | depression occuring within a year after giving birth in about 10 percent of women and that includes intense worry about the baby, thoughts of suicide, and fears of harming the baby |
| Psychopathology | the study of abnormal behavior |
| Situational context | the social or environmental setting of a person's behavior |
| Subjective discomfort | emotional distress or emotional pain |
| Maladaptive | anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everday demands of life |
| Psychological Disorders | any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life |
| Trepanning | the process of cutting holes into the skull of a living person |
| Humors | what Hippocrates referred to as the body's vital fluids; phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile; Hippocrates was not correct in his assumption, but was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process |
| Abnormal behavior | Statistically rare, deviates from the social norm, the person experiences subjective discomfort, and/or they have an inability to function normally |
| Biological model | model of explaining behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body |
| Cognitive Psychologists | psychologists who study the way people think, remember, and mentally organize information |
| Biopsychosocial model | perspective in which abnormal behavior is seen as the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychosocial, social, and cultural influences |
| Medical (biological) terminology | mental illness, symptoms of disorder, and terms such as diagnosis, mental patient, mental hospital, therapy, and remission |
| DSM-IV-TR | psychological guide used to diagnose people |
| Axis I | deals with clinical disorders |
| Axis II | deals with personality and mental retardation |
| Axis III | deals with medical conditions that affect a mental disorder |
| Axis IV | deals with psychosocial and environment |
| Axis V | deals with global function - level of functioning in daily living |
| In any given year, about 22 % of adults over age 18 suffer from a mental disorder. | How common are psychological disorders? |
| Anxiety disorders | disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfullness; ex - a student who has studied, is well-prepared for the exam, and has done well on the other exams who is still worried about passing an exam |
| Free-floating anxiety | anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source |
| Phobia | an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity |
| Social phobia | fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation |
| Specific phobia | fear of objects or specific situations or events |
| Claustrophobia | fear of being in a small, enclosed space |
| Trypanophobia | fear of injections |
| Odontophobia | fear of dental work |
| Hematophobia | fear of blood |
| Acrophobia | fear of heights |
| Agoraphobia | fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible |
| Panic Attack | sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying |
| Panic disorder | disorder in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life |
| Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia | fear of leaving one's familiar surroundings because one might have a panic attack in public |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsion) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | disorder in which a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with phsyical symptoms of stress, which lasts six months or more |
| Magnification | the tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful, or important than they actually are |
| All-or-nothing thinking | the tendency to believe that one's performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure |
| Overgeneralization | the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure |
| Minimization | the tendency to give little or no importance to one's successes or positive events and traits |
| Somatoform disorders | disorders that take the form of bodily illnesses and symptoms but for which there are no real physical disorders |
| Psychosomatic disorder | disorder in which psychological stress causes a real physical disorder or illness |
| Psychophysiological disorder | modern term for psychosomatic disorder |
| Hypochondrias | somatoform disorder in which the person is terrified of being sick and worries constantly, going to doctors repeatedly, and becoming preoccupied with every sensation of the body |
| Somatization disorder | somatoform disorder in which the person dramatically complains of a specific symptom such as nausea, difficulty swallowing, or pain for which there is no real physical cause |
| Conversion disorder | somatoform disorder in which the person experiences a specific symptom in the somatic nervous system's functioning, such as paralysis, numbness, or blindness, for which there is no physical cause |
| Glove Anesthesia | a disorder in which the person experiences numbness from the wrist down. However, real nerve damage would produce numbness down one side of the arm and hand.Thus, because it is anatomically impossible, it is actually a sign of a conversion disorder |
| Dissociative disorders | disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination |
| Dissociative amnesia | loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete; this memory loss is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience, such as rape or childhood abuse |
| Dissociative fugue | traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal information |
| Dissociative identity disorder | disorder occuring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body; AKA multiple personality disorder; it is the thought that the dissociation occurs as one aspect of personality emerges to deal with the stress while the rest of the personality remains safely "hidden" in the unconscious |
| Depersonalization disorder | dissociative disorder in which individuals feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings |
| Psychodynamic cause of dissociative disorders | repression of threatening or unnacceptable thoughts and behavior as a defense mechanism at the heart of all disorders; repressed anxiety |
| Behavioral and cognitive cause of dissociative disorders | the person may feel guilt, shame, or anxiety when thinking about disturbing experiences or thoughts and start avoiding thoughts about them. This " thought avoiding" is negatively reinforced by the reduction of the anxiety and unpleasant feelings and eventually will become a habit of "not thinking about" these things; reinforcement |
| Biological cause of dissociative disorders | people who have depersonalization disorder have lower brain activity in areas responisble for their sense of body awareness than do people without the disorder; people with the disorder show significant differences in PET scan activity when different "personalities" are present |
| Affect | in psychology, a term indicating "emotion" or "mood" |
| Mood disorders | disorder in which mood is severely disturbed |
| Dysthymia | a moderate depression that lasts for two years or more and is typically a reaction to some external stressor |
| Cyclothymia | disorder that consists of mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and lasts two years or more |
| Major depression | severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause |
| Manic | having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritiability |
| Bipolar disorder | severe mood swings between manic depressive episodes and manic episodes |
| Psychodynamic cause of mood disorders | where anger is originally aimed at parents or other authority figures who are too threatening to receive the expressions of anger directly. The anger gets repressed by the child and later is displaced to the self in the form of self-blame and self-hate. |
| Behavioral cause of mood disorders | depression is linked to learned helplessness |
| Cognitive cause of mood disorders | distorted thinking and negative, self-defeating thoughts |
| Biological cause of mood disorders | variation in neurotransmitter levels (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) or specific brain activity; genes and heritability also plays a part |
| Schizophrenia | sever disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality |
| Psychotic | term applied to a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness |
| Delusional disorder | a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more deelusions |
| Hallucinations | false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist |
| Flat affect | a lack of emotional responsiveness |
| Disorganized | type of schizophrenia in which behavior is bizarre and childish and thinking, speech, and motor actions are very disordered |
| Catatonic | type of schizophrenia in which the person experiences periods of statue-like immobility mixed with occasional bursts of energetic, frantic movement, and talking |
| Paranoid | type of schizophrenia in which the person suffers from delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations |
| Positive Symptoms | symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior, hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking |
| Negative Symptoms | symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior, poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production |
| Major depression | most common of the diagnosed mood disorders and is about twice as common in women as it is in men |
| Delusions of persecution | people believe that others are trying to hurt them in some way |
| Delusions of reference | people believe that other people, television characters, and even books are specifically talking to them |
| Delusions of influence | people believe that they are being controlled by external forces, such as the devil, aliens, or cosmic forces |
| Delusions of grandeur | people are convinced that they are powerful people who can save the world or have a special mission |
| Positive symptoms of schizophrenia | appear to be associated with overactivity of dopamine areas of brain |
| Negative symptoms of schizophrenia | lower dopamine activity; related to dopamine hypothesis |
| Biological causes of schizophrenia | supported by universal prevalence rate of approximately 1% across cultures; genetics supported by twin and adoption studies |
| Other causes of schizophrenia | genetics and brain structural defects have been implicated |
| Stress vulnerability model | suggests people with genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development |
| Personality disorders | disorders in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions |
| Antisocial personality disorder | disorder in which a person has no morals or conscience and often believes in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior |
| Borderline personality disorder | maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others |
| Psychodynamic cause of personality disorders | inadequate resolution of Oedipus complex |
| Cognitive-behavioral cause of personality disorders | specific behaviors learned over time, associated with maladaptive belief system |
| Other causes of personality disorders | genetic factors play a role, with many showing increased rates of heritability; variances in stress tolerance and disturbances in family relationships and communication have also been linked to personality disorders |
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