World History-Fall '09 Review

Terms	Definitions
Louis Alberti	humanist thinker who emphasized the importance of painting.
Anabaptists	A group of believers (sect of christianity) who moved in single communities, believed in adult baptisms, everyone is equal, Lutheran ideas, but radicalized and isolated people.
Antiquity	The quality of being ancient; ancient times; The period of history before the Middle Ages
Aristocrats/Nobility	a member of an aristocracy; wealthy people who are in control
Artisans	A skilled person in an applied art; a craftsperson
Peace of Augsburg	The result of the Reformation; assigned in 1555; it divided Europe into the Roman Catholic Church and the new Lutheran Church (Protestants) Charles V reluctant to agree with treaty.
Banking Guild	Major guild; Run by the Medici Family
Baroque Art	art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit
Bill of Exchance	A written authorization or oder to pay a specific sum of money to a specific person; modern day currency exchange
Bishops	heads of the Catholic Church in major cities
Giovanni Boccaccio	Italian poet (born in France) (1313-1375)
Anne Boleyn	the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I
Botticelli	One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus
Brunelleschi	Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446)
Bruni	first gave the name "humanitas" to the learning that celebrated humans and virtuous action
Byzantine Empire	a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395
John Calvin	This was another leader in the Reformation who believed in a simple faith and a simple method of worship; believed in Predestination; creation of theocracy; humans are lesser than God; aggressive discipline and punishment of sins.
Catherine of Aragon	first wife of Henry VIII
Catholicism/Latin Christendom	the beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church: the term applied to the lands and peoples, primarily in Central, Western, and Southern Europe that practiced Roman Catholicism
Charles V	Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563)., Holy Roman Emperor and Charles I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united
Church of England/Anglicanism	Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife, Upholding to the teachings of the Church of England as defined by Elizabeth I
Council of Trent	The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.
Counter Reformation	the reform movement within the roman catholic church whose goals were to abolish abuses and reaffirm traditional beliefs
Leonardo Da Vinci	(1452-1519) Artist who made sculptures and religious paintings like the Last Supper; emphasized experience and perspective
Dark Ages	the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance (350-700)
Diet of Worms	Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.
Duomo	the dome designed for the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence (span 150ft, height 308) built by Filippo Brunelleschi
Erasmus	Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe
Famine	a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death; Middle ages due to the Plague
Feudalsim	lord: protection, sort out disputes, holds expensive tools- vassal: investiture, fief, chivalry, protection and love of women, fidelity to the church- serfs: work land for family and lord, free peasants, craftsman, clergy
Gold Florins	Florentine's money currency
Giotto	Florentine Painter who led the way in the use of realism.
Gregory I	first medieval pope; made the Catholic Church Powerful
Gothic Art	A dark period of art during the Middle Ages that was scorned by Renaissance contemporaries
Minor Guilds	Smaller associations [ex: bakers, tanners, etc]
Major Guilds	Big associations, which also brought more political power (bankers, merchants etc.)
Heavy Plow	part of the agricultural revolution; improved planting efficiency, a plow made out of iron, sometimes with a steel tip
Henry VIII	son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547, English king that left the catholic church and started the Church of England
Holding Company	a company with controlling shares in other companies
Homage/Fealty	honor; tribute; great respect; Ex. pay/do homage to, obligated loyalty or faithfulness
Humanism	a philosophy in which interests and values of human beings are of primary importance; interest in Roman and Greek Culture
Hundred Years War	conflict between French and English over English ownership of French lands, 1337 - 1453
Ignatius of Loyola	Founder of the Jesuits
Indulgences	pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment
Innocent III	Pope who instituted the Fourth Crusade and under whom papal intervention in European politics reached its height (1161-1216)
Jesuits	Members of the Society of Jesus, staunch Catholics. Led by Loyola.
Knights	in the Middle Ages, lesser noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord
Leo X	the pope who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (1475-1521); pope during Reformation
Martin Luther	German monk and leader of the Protestant Reformation; wrote 95 theses; emphasized that the justification by faith, removed relics/indulgences, against transubstanation
Niccolo Machiavelli	a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527); wrote The Prince which was essentially a guidebook on how the government should be ran
Masaccio	The ranaissance artist who led the way in establishing a new style of employing deep space, modeling , and anatomical correctness., Tribute Money, the Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden, Brancacci Chapel, Florence, Italy
The Medicis	Ruling family of Florence; started banking system in Florence; ended florentine republic when they came into power
Merchants	people who buy and sell goods; Major guild
Messina	a port city in northeastern Sicily on the Strait of Messina
Michelangelo	Italian Renaissance artist that painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted the statue of David.
Miserabili	They were the lowest in the feudal system; jobless; peasants
Missionaries	people sent out to carry a religious message; also focuses on converting non-Christians to Christianity
Monasticism/Monks	The practice of living the life of a monk, Men who devote their time to praying, studying, and copying, and decorating holy books by hand
95 Theses	written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences
Palazzo del Signori	Plaza that's the center of markets, trade, and exchange
Peasant's Revolt	a series of uprisings by German peasants against their landowners. over 130,000 peasants were killed
Peasants/Serfs	laborers of the Middle Ages; a person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times
Petrarch	Italian Renaissance poet and humanist; emphasized antiquity, the classics, and Latin
Plague/Black Death	(n.) an easily spread disease causing a large number of deaths; , a form of bubonic plague, spread by fleas carried by rats
Ponte Vecchio	bridge in Florence, Main bridge and popular with markets, trade, and changes
Pope/Papacy	Head of the Roman Catholic Church/the government of the Roman Catholic Church
Prince Frederick	Prince of Wales
Printing Press	invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects
Protestantism	the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation
Northern Renaissance	Northern Europe (England, France, Germany); Less philosophers; less focus on Greek culture; Printing Press: Mass production of reading/writing; Reinvigorated Christianity; Christian Humanism: Erasmus
Renaissance Man	Someone who has many different interests and are skilled at many different things
Protestant Reformation	a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Republic	Government by a few
Rome/Roman Empire	the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church/an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire
Sacraments	the sacred rituals of the Church, things needed to do to go to heaven= 1. Baptism 2. Confirmation 3. 1st Communion 4. Confession 5. Marriage 6. Holy Orders 7. Anointing of the sithe
Santa Maria Novella	Church commissioned by Dominican and Franciscan Orders
Signory	Government of one
Social Mobility	movement up or down the social class ladder; because of the Renaissance this occured between classes
Three-Field System	One field devoted to winter crops, another to summer, and the 3rd to letting soil lay fallow each year. Made is so that peasants did not have to move away each season
Vassals	lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity
Witchcraft	the practice of magic by people supposedly in league with the devil
Wittenburg	town where Martin Luther lived
Wool Guild	Major Guild. controlled the trade and manufacturing of wool
Ulrich Zwingli	This was a man who believed that Christian life rested on the Scriptures and a prominent leader in the Swiss Reformation. He went on to attack indulgences, the Mass, the institution of monasticism, and clerical celibacy
Agricultural Revolution	The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering