History Exam Review
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Created by:
rferira13 on December 13, 2009
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Classes:
portergaud2015, Porter-Gaud Class of 2013
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149 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Paleolithic | a prehistoric era known for the developement of the first stone tools |
| Mesolithic | a period of time in between the paleolithic and neolithic eras |
| Neolithic | a period of time after the mesolithic period, beginning around 9500 BCE |
| hunter-gatherers | a society that hunts animals and gathers plants for food; most food comes from gathering |
| nomads | groups of people that move from one place to another rather than settle in one place; 1st civilizations were formed when nomads began to start permanent settlements |
| Fertile Crescent | a region in Western Asia that includes Mesopotamia; known for earliest human civilizations, first forms of writing, and invention of "the wheel" |
| Sumer | the earliest known civilization, located in Iraq/Mesopotamia; "Cradle of Civilization" |
| Hammurabi | 6th King of Babylon and 1st King of the Babylonian Empire following the abdication of his father; controlled all of Mesopotamia during his rule |
| Code of Hammurabi | an ancient code of law created in ancient Babylon by Hammurabi |
| Hittite Laws | laws formed by the Hittites in order to prevent the death penalty; based on 8 different offenses |
| Hebrew Laws | laws formed by the Hebrews to keep the Hebrew people in order; very strict |
| Gilgamesh | 5th King of Uruk |
| Pharaoh | the title given to an ancient Egyptian ruler |
| polytheism | the belief in multiple gods and/or goddesses; ex. Hinduism |
| monotheism | the belief in one god; common in the Abrahamic religions such as Judaisim and Christianity |
| ziggurat | massive monument built in the ancient Mesopotamian valley; places of worship |
| pyramid | a structure whose surfaces are triangular and meet at a point |
| hieroglyphics | characters made by graphical figures such as animals or objects |
| cuneiform | the earliest known writing system in the world; began in the Sumerian civilization around the 34th century BCE |
| oracle bones | the earliest known artifacts of ancient Chinese writing; contain important historical information about he royal genealogy of the Shang dynasty |
| Harappa | an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan; contains ruins of a Bronze Age city |
| Indo-European | a family of several hundred related languages and dialects |
| Upanishads | Hindu scriptures that set up the main teachings of Vedanta |
| Dharma | and Indian spiritual term meaning "one's honorable duty"; affected by age, class, occupation, and gender |
| Ramayana | an ancient Sanskrit epic; one of the 2 great epics of India |
| Bhagavad Gita | an important Hindu scripture and one of the most important philosphical classics of the world |
| Vedas | a large body of texts originating in ancient India that set up the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism |
| Karma | concept of "action" or "deed" that affects reincarnation and determines the nature of a person's next existence |
| Varna | one of Europe's oldest cities |
| Samsara | the endless cycle of suffering caused by reincarnation |
| Shudras | the lowest social class in the Hindu caste system; farmers and craftsmen |
| Kshatriyas | the second highest social class in the Hindu caste system; soldiers and warriors |
| Vaishyas | the second lowest social class in the Hindu caste system; merchants and artisans |
| Brahmins | the highest social class in the Hindu caste system; educators, preachers, and law makers |
| nirvana | a state of being free from suffering; important concept in Buddhism |
| yoga | mental and physical discipline originating in India; 1 of the 6 orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy |
| guru | one who is regarded as having great knowledge, wisdom, and authority |
| Brahma | the Hindu god of creation and one of the Trimurti |
| Four Noble Truths | one of the most fundamental Buddhist teachings |
| Eightfold Path | one of the principal teachings of the Buddha |
| Chandragupta Maurya | founder of the Maurya Empire; 1st unifier of India and its 1st emperor |
| Ashoka The Great | an Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty who ruled from 269-232 BCE; 1 of India's greatest emperors |
| Maurya | a powerful empire in ancient India ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 321-185 BCE |
| Huns | a group of nomadic pastoral people who built an enormous empire in Europe around 370 BCE |
| Hinduism | the predominant religion of the Indian subcontinent |
| Shang Dynasty | the second Chinese dynasty, after the Xia dynasty, located in the Yellow River Valley from 1766-1122 BCE |
| Chou Dynasty | followed the Shang dynasty and lasted longer that any other dynasty in Chinese history |
| Qin Dynasty | the ruling Chinese dynasty between 221-206 BCE |
| Han Dynasty | the second imperial dynasty of China after the Qin dynasty; founded by the peasant rebel leader Liu Bang |
| Mandate of Heaven | a traditional Chinese philosphical concept concerning the legitimacy of rulers |
| Laozi | a philosopher of ancient China and the creator of Daoism |
| Liu Bang | the first emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty from 202-195 BCE; one of only a few dynasty founders to emerge from the peasant class |
| Daoism | one of the main philosophical "schools of thought", founded by Laozi |
| Han Fei-Tzu | a Chinese philosopher whe created legalism |
| legalism | one of the main philosophical "schools of thought"; founded by Han Fei-tzu |
| mandarin | the official spoken language of China |
| Warring States | the second part of the Easter Chou Dynasty |
| Sun Tzu | wrote an influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy called "Art of War" |
| Art of War | an ancient Chinese book on military strategy written by Sun Tzu |
| Confucius | a Chinese thinker and social philosopher who deeply influenced Chinese thought and life |
| analects | a record of the words and actions of Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held |
| filial piety | a respect for one's parents and ancestors |
| Yin Yang | a symbol used to show how opposing forces are interconnected and interdependent in the natural world |
| Silk Road | an interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent |
| dynasty | a succession of people from the same family who maintain power, influence, and authority over many generations |
| mythology | the study of myths |
| Leonidas | a King of Sparta, who was believed to be a descendent of Heracles, possessing much of his strength and bravery |
| democracy | a political government either carried out by the people (direct democracy), or elected representatives (republicanism) |
| Athens | the capital and largest city of Greece; 3400 years old |
| Sparta | a city-state in ancient Greece |
| theocracy | a form of government in which a god is recognized as the supreme ruler |
| aristocracy | a form of government in which most prominent citizens rule |
| Cleisthenes | a noble Athenian who is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens around 508 BCE |
| Pericles | a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Ahtnes during the Gold Age |
| Marathon Battle | a battle fought between the citizens of Athens and a Persian force during the first Persian invasion of Greece in 490 BCE |
| Thermopylae Battle | a battle that lasted 3 days during the second Persian invaseion of Greece |
| Mycale Battle | one of the 2 major battles that ended the second Persian invasion of Greece |
| stoics | a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the 3rd century BCE |
| Philip II | King of Macedon from 359-336 BCE; father of Alexander the Great and Philip III |
| Alexander the Great | Greek King of Macedon who created one of the largest empires in ancient history |
| Roman Republic | phase of ancient Roman civilization characterized by a republican form of government |
| Julius Caesar | a Roman military and political leader; he played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic in the Roman Empire |
| Augustus | the first emperor of the Roman Empire from 31 BCE-14 CE |
| Roman Empire | the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization; characterized by an autocratic form of government |
| Nero | the fifth and last Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, who was adopted by Claudius to be the heir to the throne |
| Caligula | the third Roman emperor from 37-41 CE |
| Roman Legions | the heavy infantry of the Roman army |
| Hadrian | empreor of Rome from 117-138 CE |
| Caricala | Roman emperor from 211-217 CE |
| Trajan | Roman emperor from 98-117 CE |
| The Forum | the central meeting place of the city of Rome |
| Circus Maximus | an ancient Roman chariot racing stadium |
| Pax Romana | a period of peace and minimal expansion by the Roman military in the first and second centuries CE |
| The Coliseum | an elliptical amphitheatre in the center of the city of Roma; one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering |
| Roman Baths | a place for public bathing and socializing for the Roman people |
| Roman Roads | roads built by the Roman Empire for quick transportation |
| Gladiator | an armed combatent who entertained audiences in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and criminals |
| The Good Emperors | a line of emperors that represented virtuous and just rule |
| Senate | an assembly of the upper class or chamber of legislature |
| Jesus | the central figure of Christianity; from Nazareth |
| Saul | an Hellenistic Jew who was the most notable of early Christian missionaries |
| census | a count of the population |
| apostles | missionaries among the leaders in the early Church |
| gospels | writings that describe the life of Jesus |
| persecution | the mistreatment of an individual or group by another group |
| Constantine | Roman emperor from 306-337 CE; he was the first Christian Roman emperor (converted in 315 CE) |
| Pope | the Bishop of Rome and leader of the worldwide Catholic Church |
| Old Testament | first major division of the Christian Bible |
| New Testament | second major division of the Christian Bible |
| Theodosius | Roman emperor from 379-395 CE |
| goth | a heterogeneous East Germanic tribe from Sweden |
| visigoth | the 1st of the two main branches of goths that began in 291 CE |
| ostrogoths | the 2nd of the two main branches of goths that began in 388 CE |
| sack | to take goods by force as part of a military of political victory |
| barbarian | an uncivilized person |
| Gaul | the region of Western Europe that incorporates present-day France and Belgium |
| Dark Ages | the period of cultural decline/collapse that occured after the fall of Rome |
| centralized | when a civilization/society is located in one area |
| decentralized | when a civilization/society is spread throughout a continent |
| Germanic Tribes | a group of people identified by their use of the Indo-European Germanic languages |
| Neolithic Revolution | sumerans settled life in this region began only between 7000-3000 BCE |
| Hyksos | "rulers of the uplands". Began to settle in the delta |
| Nubians | invaded Egypt from th esouth |
| Book of the Dead | Egyptian Book that preserved their ideas about death and the afterlife |
| Purple People | Greek nickname for the phoenicians |
| amon-Ra | The most powerful of the gods(Amon:sky god) (Ra: sun god) |
| Sea Peoples | Invaders who destroyed the Egyptian empire in the late 13th century. Undefineable. |
| Zoroastrianism | the religion based on the teachings of Zoraster, who emphasized the individuals rsponcibility to choose between good/evil. |
| Aryans | the dominant people in the North India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization. |
| Moksha | release from the wheel of life. |
| Code of manu | Codification of Indian law from the second of third century |
| Rajas | Aryan tribal chieftain. |
| Harappan | the first indian civilization(Indus valley civilization) |
| The way | the dao, the natural order |
| filial piety | reverent attitude of children to their parents; it was extolled by Confucious |
| ren | ultimate confucian virtue; perfect goodness, benevolence, humanity. |
| oligarchy | small group of wealthy citizens ruled |
| polis | generally translated as "city state". Basic political and institutional unit of Greece |
| acropolis | elecated point within a city on which stood temples, alters, public monument, and carious dedications. |
| Toga | the distinctive garment of Roman men. Forbidden to non-citizens |
| forum | public area in the center of Rome, that served as a focal point |
| franchise | rights, privileges, and protections of citizenship |
| patricians | the aristocracy; wealthy landowners who held political power |
| plebeians | the common people of Rome, who had few of the patricians advantages |
| Struggle of Orders | social issue between patricians and plebeians |
| paterfamilias | "dominant father"- oldest father/male in the family |
| latifundia | huge roman estates created by buying up several small forms |
| pagan | followers of a folk religion |
| 1st and 2nd Triumvirate | Political alliance between caesar, Crassus, and Pompey in which they agreed to advance each others interests |
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