9th grade
Order by
104 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 active trasport | the transport of materials against a concentration gradient |
| anaphase | phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate from each other |
| hypotonic solution | the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell |
| cell cycle | the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo. |
| inter-phase | the period in which chromosomes duplicate |
| gene | the segment of dna that controls the production of a protein |
| metaphase | the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle |
| sister chromatids | two halves of the doubled chromosome structure |
| cancer | Uncontrolled Cell DIvision |
| facilitated diffusion | passive transport with the aid of transport protiens |
| mitosis | the process by which nuclear material is divided equally between two new cells |
| endocytosis | some cells surround and take in materials by this process |
| centriomeres | the structures that hold together sister chromatids |
| ionic bonding | water dissolves many ionic and molecular compounds because of this |
| nucleus | center of an atom |
| the atoms stop moving | when there is no difference in the concentration of a substance from one area to another |
| solution | mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in another substance |
| metabolism | all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| peptide bond | Bond between amino acids |
| enzyme | a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction |
| polar molecule | molecule with an unequal distribution of charge |
| polymer | large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together |
| diffusion | the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| compounds | atoms of two or more elements chemically combined are... |
| covalent | two atoms that share electrons are held together by these type of bonds |
| sex chromosomes | 23rd pair of chromosomes that differ in males and females |
| multiple alleles | a trait controlled by four alleles is said to have this |
| deoxyribose sugar and thymine | a DNA nucleotide may be made up of a phosphate group, along with |
| mRNA | during the process of transcription, DNA serves as the template for making_____ which leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribsomes |
| frameshift mutation | the addition or deletion of a single base in a DNA molecule |
| watson and crick | Figured out structure of DNA was a double helix |
| nitrogenous bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
| replication | process in which DNA makes a copy of itself |
| codon | each set of three nitrogenous bases representing and amino acid |
| tRNA | brings amino acids to the ribosomes for the assembly of protiens |
| point mutation | a change in a single base pair in DNA molecule |
| nondisjunction | failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis; results in gametes with too many or too few chromosomes |
| translation | the process of converting RNA into an amino acid sequence |
| chromosomal mutation | when parts of chromosomes are broken off and lost or reattached incorrectly during mitosis or meiosis |
| cancer | mutations in DNA can result in cells reproducing rapidly, producing the disease called |
| reproduction | The process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next |
| control | in an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison |
| homeostasis | process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment |
| adaptation | any structure, behavior, or internal process that enable an organism to better survive in an environment |
| hypothesis | a testable explanation for a question or problem |
| parts of adenosine diphosphate | ribose, adenine, two phosphate groups |
| stroma | the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place here |
| reflected | leaves appear green because the green portion of the light strikes them is |
| photosynthesis | use light energy to change CO2 and water into O2 and carbohydrates |
| maintain homeostasis | requires detection and the ability to respond, an organism maintains a stable internal environment, characteristic of life |
| hydrogen ions | In respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain |
| gyclolysis | 2 molecules of ATP are used in the first step and 4 molecules of ATP are produced in the second step |
| light-dependent reactions release oxygen | in the process of photsynthesis |
| codominant alleles | cause the phenotypes of both homozygous to be produced in heterozygous individuals |
| completely dominant alleles | phenotypes of both heterozygous and homozygous dominant individuals have the same phenotype. |
| incomplete dominance | a phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between those phenotypes expressed by the homozygotes |
| carrier | a heterozygous individual |
| simple recessive heredity | inheritance pattern of phenylketonuria and Tay-Sachs disease |
| polygenic inheritance | the inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by two or more genes |
| pedigree | a graphic representation of an individual's family tree |
| autosomes | the other 22 pairs of chromosomes |
| sex-linked traits | traits controlled by genes located on the X or Y chromosome |
| codominant alleles | when roan cattle are mated, 25% of the offspring are red, 50% are roan, and 25% are white. Upon examination, it can be seen that the coat of a roan cow consists of both red and white hairs. This trait is controlled by |
| homozygous | having two identical alleles for a given trait |
| crossing over | the exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids |
| fertilization | The uniting of the male and female gametes |
| meiosis | cell division that produces gametes |
| nondisjunction | failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis |
| zygote | the cell produced when a male gamete fuses with a female gamete |
| haploid | a cell that contains one member of each chromosome pair |
| alleles | different forms of genes |
| pollination | the transfer of a male pollen grain to the pistil of a flower |
| egg | the gamete that contains genes contributed by the mother |
| homozygous | two identical alleles for a trait |
| haploid | (genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes |
| heredity | Mendel's law of heredity "in meiosis, the way in which a chromosome pair separates does not affect the way other pairs separate |
| provide usable nitrogen for the plants | bacteria that live in the roots of legumes |
| binary fission | The type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce. Each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome. |
| causing holes to develop in their cell walls | penicillin kills bacteria by |
| cell wall | a structure outside the plasma membrane in some cells |
| nucleus | the functions of a eukaryotic cell are managed by this |
| chromatin | in a cell, the tangles of long strands of DNA form this |
| endoplasmic reticulum | the folded system of membranes that forms a network of interconnected compartments inside the cell |
| chlorophyl | pigment - gives plants a green color |
| cytoskeleton | network of tiny rods and filaments that forms a framework for the cell |
| chloroplast | found in plants the structures that capture the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
| transport proteins | make up the selectively permeable membrane that controls which molecules enter and leave the cell |
| cilia | short projections used for oarlike locomotion |
| mitochondria | in a cell, the breakdown of molecules in order to release energy occurs in this |
| prokaryote | an organism with a cell that lacks a true nucleus |
| plasma membrane | the movement of the materials into and out of the cells is controlled by this |
| organelles | the small, membrane-bound structures inside a cell |
| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |
| lysosomes | cell structures that contain digestive enzymes |
| protists | kingdom of one celled organisms with a nucleus |
| bacteria | single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes |
| euglenoids | have characteristics of both autotrophs and heterotrophs. single celled algae with a flagellum- they can eat like a animal |
| sporophyte | the stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces spores |
| gametophyte | the stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells |
| what is the relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte stages of some algae? | gametes fuse to form a zygote which is the diploid form that is called sporophyte |
| What triggers sexual reproduction in diatoms | have two shells of silica (glass) overlapping like the halves of a petri dish (Chrysophyta) when the two halves (boxes) separate, it triggers sexual reproduction |
| gonyaulax catanella, produces an extremely strong nerve toxin | what causes the dangerous red tides in the ocean? |
| phycobolins | what adaptation helps red algae to live in deep water? |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.