|
 A hypothesis is... | a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables |
| In class Monday, I asked you a series of questions regarding what you would do in an emergency situation. This method of research is called___________ research. | survey |
| Dr. Jane Goodall moved into the forest to study chimpanzees without intervening in their behavior directly. She was using which research method ? | Naturalistic Observation |
| In experimental research, the variable that the researcher manipulates in order to determine its impact on another variable is called an | Independent variable |
| Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationships between two variables ? | -.80 |
| The participants in an experiment who recieve the treatment to the independent variable are referred to as the ______________ group. | Experimental |
| Random assignment of participants occurs when | all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups or conditions |
| Dr. Smith conducts an experiment where half the participants are given 1 ounce of alcohol and the other half are given 4 ounces of alcohol. He then gives all the participants a test of motor coordination to see if the alcohol had an effect. What is the dependent variable ? | The motor coordination test |
| Experimenter bias occurs when | experimenters' beliefs in their own hypothesis affect either the participants' behavior or their observation of the participants |
| As the number of bystanders' increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. This suggests that the size of the crowd and helping behavior are | negatively correlated |
| Variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to have influenced the behavior of subjects in a study are called | extraneous variables |
| You have just finished a correlational study and found that people who chew gum tend to have more cavities. You should only conclude that | chewing gum is related to tooth decay |
| The three basic processes in memory are: | encoding, storage, and retrieval |
| The widespread inability to distinguish a real penny from a variety of plausible pennies demonstrates a failure of memory at the stage of | encoding |
| When I gave you the initial test of you memory last Friday, most of you remembered the word "artichoke." As discussed, this was most likely due to | distinctiveness effect |
| Your ability to continue to recall the word "artichoke" on Wednesday, even after Labor Day weekend, was due to the fact that it was in your | long-term memory |
| ROY G. BIV is a fictiitous name used to encode the order of colors in the color spectrum. ROY G. BIV is an example of | using the technique of chunking |
| As we demonstrated in class, the capacity of normal human working memory ranges from | 5-9 bits of information |
| Information stored in long term memory is almost always | meaningful |
| A set of beliefs or expectations about something that is based on past experience is called | schemata |
| Loftus' work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that | information given after an event can alter a person's memory of the event |
| This area of the brain is thought to play an especially central role in memory | hippocampus |
| Your memory of how to brush your teeth is contained in your | procedural memory system |
| A football player sustains head trauma during a tackle in the game. As a result he can no longer remember the 5 years prior to his injury. This is an example of | retrograde amnesia |
| On Wednesday, we watched a video regarding research into the neurons that appear to explain how we relate to each other as humans. These neurons are called | mirror neurons |
| The neurons in Michael's arm just sent a neural impulse. It will be 1-2 milliseconds before another neural impulse can be generate. This brief time period, when another neural impulse cannot occur, is called the | refractory period |
| The space between a terminal button and a dendrite is referred to as the | synapse or synaptic cleft |
| Which of the following velocities is closest to how fast neural signals travel ? | 2-200 mph |
| Neurons convey information about the strength of a stimulus by varying | the rate at which they fire action potentials |
| Edmund was walking down a dark street when he heard a car backfire. His heart started to race and he began to perspire in response to this sudden, startling noise. These physical reactions were triggered by Edmund's | sympathetic nervous system |
| When Charlie Brown would attempt to kick the football Lucy would pull the football away and poor Charlie would land on the back of his head. It makes sense that he always saw stars because he probably hit his | occipital lobe |
| An elderly person has a stroke that leaves her unable to talk and part of her body is paralyzed. Which part of the body is most likely to be paralyzed ? | right side |
| The chemicals released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands are | hormones |
| Which of the following is not a method used to disentangle the effect of genetics and experience on human behavior? | survey studies |
| Organisms regularly undergo genetic changes to their physiology and/ or behaviors. When these changes are beneficial to reproductive success, they are called | adaptations |
| Humans' taste preferences for fatty substances may be one example of | an adaptation that has become a liability |
| You walk into a room and smell something unfamiliar. Moments later, you recognize that it is "lime". You first experienced __________ , then __________. | sensation; perception |
| After having your picture taken with a yellow flash, you momentarily see blue spots floating before your eyes. This phenomenon is best explained by | opponent process theory |
| Which of the five senses is the only sense NOT routed through the Thalamus like the other senses ? | smell |
| What does it mean that "one's experience and interpretations of the world may be somewhat subjective" ? | That our perceptions may sometimes be distorted or inaccurate |
| The three bones in the middle of the ear are : | the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup |
| Which of the following is NOT true about "ways of knowing" ? | All of the above |
| The focal point of our vision in the eye is called the | Fovea |
| Which term represents the characteristic of light that refers to "Color?" | Hue |
| The Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision states that: | the human eye has 3 types of receptors - red, green, & blue |
| The largest sense "organ" is our sense of | Touch |
| The neural tissue lining that absorbs light, processes images, and then send the information to the brain is called the | Retina |
| The experiment we did in class giving the illusion of a "hole" in you hand illustrated | The optic chiasm & combined images of the eye |
| The awareness of internal and external stimuli defines | consciousness |
| If you could tape record your thoughts, you would find | an endless flow of ideas that constantly shifts and changes |
| Readjusting you biological clock would be most difficult under which of the following circumstances ? | Flying east from Hawaii to Los Angeles |
| Today, in America, the amount of sleep we average per night during the week is about ___________ | 6.9 |
| Resting in bed with your eyes closed will not satisfy your body's need for sleep | True |
| As we discussed in class, the most commonly diagnosed sleep disorder at sleep clinics is | Obstructive Sleep Apnea |
| Sleep disorders are mainly due to worry or psychological problems | False |
| Research about the content of dreams has shown that most dreams are | about relatively normal day to day activities |
| Which theory of dreaming suggests that the cortex constructs dreams inorder to make sense out of neural impulses during REM sleep ? | activation-synthesis |
| Which of the following have both been shown to be effective methods of controlling pain ? | narcotics and hypnosis |
| A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use of the drug is called | tolerance |
| Judy believes that she needs her can of Diet coke every morning in order to wake her up and satisfy her cravings. She doubts she could ever give up drinking Diet Coke. Judy is demonstrating | psychological dependence |
| A relatively durable change in behavior or knowlege that is due to experience defines | learning |
| An unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning is | an unconditioned response |
| Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to | fear the dentist |
| Politicians are notorious for associating themselves with pleasant events (attending the victory parade, for example). What principle within classical conditioning would Pavlov say is at work here ? | stimulus contiguity |
| When my son Hans was a toddler he became terrified when the neighbors dog would rushthe fence separating our two yards. Later Hans became afraid of all dogs. Hans's fear of all dogs illustrates the classical conditioning process of | stimulus generalization |
| The key dependent variable measured in operant conditioning studies is | the organisms response rate |
| What term associated with operant conditioning best explains why little kids learn how to use the TV remote so quickly ? | Continuous Reinforcement |
| Operant responses are typically established through a gradual process in which closer and closer approximations of the desired response are reinforced. This process is called | shaping |
| If we gave you 15 extra-credit points after you completed three Psychology experiments, you would be receiving extra-credit on a ____________ schedule for your participation in the experiments | fixed ratio |
| In classical conditioning the behavior is ______________ while in operant conditioning the behavior is ____________. | involuntary; voluntary |
| If used effectively, this decreases the likelihood that the behavior will continue | punishment |
| You start responding to questions in class because you see your peers being rewarded for responding to questions in class. This illustrates what type of learning ? | observational learning |
| As compared with novices, experts tend to spend more of their time in which stage of problem solving ? | framing and understanding the problem |
| Since one of the main goals of playing Scrabble is to use your letters to form long words (the longer the word the more points you score), Scrabble can best be described as a game that involves a problem of | arrangement |
| In class we worked through the series of Water jug experiment calculations. Many of us continued throughout the entire set to use the calculation of B-A-2C to arrive at the final number even though there were quicker options. Which barrier to problem solving did that illustrate ? | mental set |
| The tendency to think of a hammer as only a tool to hammer nails and not as a weapon, a lever, or a weight to prop open a door is the result of | functional fixedness |
| The representiveness heuristic can cause people to think that families with four children are more likely to have | two boys and two girls |
| Basing our decisons on how easily events about alternatives are recalled from memory describes the | Availability Heuristic |
| Alex is very skilled at dealing effectively with the problems he encounters in everyday life. Sternberg would be most likely to predict that Alex has high | practical intelligence |
| Gardner's view of intelligence suggests that a highly successful car salesperson would be most likely to have high | interpersonal intelligence |
| If retaking a test results in most individuals' recieving scores that are similar to or consistent with the scores they recieved the first time they took the test, the test has | reliability |
| Many human traits, including intelligence, show a normal distribution. This means that | most cases are near the middle of the distribution |
| If a child who is ten years old has a mental age of twelve, the child's IQ would be | 120 |
| The IQ scores of ____________ show the highest correlation | identical twins reared together |
| Motives are best describes as ___________ that propel people in certain directions | needs, wants, interests, and desires |
| Which of the following behaviors is consistent with a drive theory of motivation ? | eating an apple when hungry |
| If, after brain damage suffered in a care accident, a physically active person gains 50 pounds in two months you would most likely suspect damage to the | hypothalamus |
| New research suggest that sleep deprivation and obesity might be related due to the changes seen in _______ levels that result from being sleep deprived. | leptin |
| Human parental investment theory suggests all of the following EXCEPT | females can optimize their reproductive potential by mating with as many males as possible |
| When surveyed, it appears that the trend in our class somewhat folows which theory of Sexual Motivation ? | evolutionary theory |
| Which of the following approaches to explaining the Origins of homosexuality has recieve the most empirical support overall ? | Biological |
| Since Peter is high in his need for achievement, which of the following characteristics is he least likely to exhibit ? | a desire to help others reach their goals |
| According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs | after autonomic arousal |
| Polygraph machines should really be called | emotion detectors |
| The __ component of an emotion refers to the characteristic overt expression of that emotion. | behavioral |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the six fundamental ("univeral") emotions that all people can generally identify in photographs ? | disappointment |
| As descrbied in class last Monday, the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death defines | development |
| The cephalocaudal trend in the motor deveopment of children can be described simply as | head-to-foot direction |
| One-year-old Beth will explore a room when her mother is present. She becomes upset when her mother leaves the room and is quickly calmed when her mother returns. Beth exhibits | a secure attachment |
| The elementary school-age child who does weill in school and who receives praise and support at home will develop what Erikson calls a sense of | industry |
| According to Piaget's Theory, children first show or develop object permanence during the | sensorimotor stage |
| In class we watched a short video illustrating a little girl who thought that the tall, skinny glass held more liquid simply because it was taller and skinnier than the other glass. This illustrates that the little girl has not yet mastered an understanding of | conservation |
| T stage of concrete operations is said to be "concrete" because | children can perform operations only on tangible objects and actual events |
| Unlike Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky emphasizes that | social interactions and culture strongly influence the cognitive development of a child |
| If Lawrence Kohlberg were to present you witha moral dilemma, in which of the following would he be most interesed ? | your reasons for whatever moral judgement you had about the situation |
| The adolescent who has arrived at a sense of self and direction after consideration of alternative possibilities is at the phase called identity___________ | achievement |
| Girls who mature _____________ and boys who mature ______ feel more subjective distress about the transition of puberty | early; late |
| Recent evidence suggests that a midlife crisis | is seen only in a small minority of people |
| The two aspects of an individual's behavior that are central to the concept of personality are | consitency and distinctiveness |
| A relatively consistent characteristic that you exhibit in different situations is called | a personality trait |
| Personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristics behaviors and emotions are referred to as | Self-report inventories |
| The purpose of the Big Five Traits is to captu all meaningful individual differences at the __________ level | broadest |
| Projective tests such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test are designed to assess | your characteristic concerns, conflicts, and desires |
| Ben is extremely dependable and productive. His friends all think he is great at organizing events. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Ben would probably score | high in conscientiousness |
| According to psychoanalytic theory, a person who is conservative, strict, and moralistic is strongly influenced by her | superege |
| Furous at her boss for what she considers to be unjust criticism, Clara turns around and takes out her anger on her subordinates. Clara may be using the defense mechanism of : | displacement |
| Which of the following did Carl Rogers believe fosters a congruent self-concept ? | unconditional love |
| The findings from twin studies indicate that identical twins are much more similar than fraternal twins on which of the following | all the Big 5 personality traits |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the main uses of personality tests ? | college admissions |
| Which of the following is NOT a stress myth: | Not all stress is bad |
| According to Lazarus, dealing with traffic was an example of: | Daily Hassle |
| Lazarus believed all of the following EXCEPT | All types of stress were harmful to an idividual's health and well-being |
| Karasek's Model of Job Stress Suggests taht jobs with the lowest stress levels would be characterized by: | High support; High control; Low demand |
| Ellis believed all of the following EXCEPT | All people had great worth as individuals |
| As Jim walks out in public, he frequenty says to himself "I jus know that they are all looking at me and thinking that I look stupid." He is engaging in: | Jumping to conclusions |
| In response to bad events, Susan states "I knew I would screw this up! This always happens to me! This is going to mess up everything!" In which ways is she thingking ? | Internal; Permanent; Universal |
| Which conclusion concerning the response-chain where Jim sw a snake is NOT true ? | We can directly choose which emotions to not feel |
| Which example was the correct summary shown in class of the Response-Chain Excercise where Jim saw a snake ? | Ev-S-A-I-B-Ph/Em |
| Which stage is NOT one of Seyle's General Adaptation Syndrom ? | Adaptation |
| "Coping" may be defined as | Efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress |
| Which of these factors of stress, according to Ellis and other theorists studied in the chapter, is the one over which we have the least degree of influence ? | External events |
| Which of the following is one of the criteria for "abnormal?" | Deviance |
| Which disorder is characterized by a significant loss of functioning, usually in a single organ system ? | Conversion Disorder |
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Schizophrenia ? | Rigid thinking & speech patterns |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT | A high degree of social anxiety |
| Hypochodriasi is in which category in the DSM ? | Somatoform Disorders |
| Axis V of the DSM focuses on | Global Assessment of Functioning |
| "DSM" stands for | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
| The primary characteristic of PTSD includes | flashbacks and nightmares |
| The "Medical Model" | Is sympton-focused |
| Dissociative Disorders involve | Sudden, temporary alterations of memory, consciousness, and identity |
| Which of the following would go on "Axis II" of the DSM | Antisocial |
| Which statement about the criteria for "abnormal" is true ? | Some disorders seem to cause no immediate personal distress |
| Historically, the treatment of imbalanced forces involved: | Acupuncture, meditation, and relaxation |
| Which of the following treatment intervention was used for a wantering uterus ? | Bandaging the body; Foul odors & foods |
| Historically, effective treatment for phobias has involved: | Creating a new paired association |
| The best way to address unresolved conflicts is through | Projective tests & talk therapy |
| Historically, the treatment for excessive emotions has involved | Lobotomies |
| Phrenology is most associated with | Craniometers |
| Projective tests work because | They represent non-threatening material upon which the mind may impress itself |
| Freud is known for which of the following ? | Free Association |
| Insight Therapies | Are superior to no treatment or to placebos |
| "Halfway Houses" | Are used to transition clients back into society |
| Historically, treatment for biochemical imbalances has involved | ECT and medication |
| People become stuck in the "revolving door" process because | Clients get better and have to be kicked out early |