IB History
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The Reinsurance Treaty | Secret agreement between Russia & Austria-Hungary in which they diffused tensions by assuring each other of the spheres of influence in the Balkan region |
| Alliance of Rye & Steel | An alliance between the old & new elites in German society; leaders of heavy industry, who stood to benefit from the acquisition of overseas colonies, exerted pressure on the government. |
| Bismarck & Authoritarianism | Reichstag had some democratic values (elected by male suffrage); parties lacked power; had no direct control over the action of the chancellor or foreign policy; also could not play a role in the formulation of government policy. |
| State Socialism | A series of measure to improve conditions of workers; included medical insurance, sick pay, old age pensions, diffused the threat of the socialists to the state. |
| Socialists | Attempted to assassinate the Kaiser; anti-socialism baned any group aimed to spread socialist ideas, banned trade unions, and closed newspapers. |
| protectionism | Adopted by France, Russia, & Austria-Hungary; protecting markets from USA & others; allowed the government to grow more self-sufficient through tariffs. |
| cartels | When manufacturers agree to share market rather than to compete for it; this kept prices up and maintained economic stability. |
| Pope Pius XI | Moral warfare was the publication of the pope's syllabus of errors; he condemned every major thought of liberals & condemned the idea that "the church should be separated from the state & the state from the church"; "catholic religion is not the only religion of the state"; and "freedom of religion". |
| Reichsfeinde | "foes of the empire"; mainly Catholics & socialists. |
| Kulturakampf | the struggle for civilization; clash with the Catholic Church for power in the state (monarchy vs. priesthood); dominated in the first decade of the New Reich. |
| Indemnity of 1866 | After defeating Austria in 1866, Bismarck was forgiven by the liberals; he taxed the state without constitutional principle and sacrificed constitutional principles in the interests of nationalism. |
| Liberel Era of Bismarck | 1871-1878; cooperation in Reichstag with the national liberal party (consolidation of the national unity & centralization of the administration); Bismarck himself wasn't a liberal & gave nothing of real power to his "supporters". |
| Liberals | Dominant party; supporters of Bismarck; on Bismarck's side in regards for the support for a unified state; at odds with him in regards of their support for progressive social and constitutional legislation; many became critical of Bismarck. |
| Ludwig Windthorst | Had a fierce opposition to Bismarck in Kulturakampf; Bismarck's struggle for civilization with Catholic Church for power in the state. |
| Center Party | Catholic; attracted a number of supporters who were against Bismarck's policies. |
| conservatives | Primarily Prussia; hostile towards Bismarck & his flirtations with Liberalists & nationalists; included imperial party, which was a broader national support amongst industrialists land owners (more support for Bismarck). |
| Pressure groups | the political parties; they influence political decision making, but do not wish to gain power. |
| Bundesrat | Upper house of Parliament; represents the independent interests of the state and with approval by emperor had the right to declare war; initiate legislation (17 seats belonged to Prussia). |
| Reichstag | lower house of Parliament; elected by universal male suffrage; had power to question the chancellor & initiate debate; had control over military budget. |
| Alsace-Lorraine | In France; part of the Federal State of the New Germany; became German after Franco-Prussian War. |
| papel infallibility | 1870: everything the pope says is directly from God and is true. |
| Franco-Prussian War | 1870-1871; a war, lost by France to the German states under the leadership of Prussia; this became the german state (Reich) & was the final shape of the German Reich. |
| German Empire | 1871: The Reich |
| May Laws | 1873; cut off ties with the Vatican, expulsion of the Jesuit order from Germany, education of clergy was brought under state control, priests were no longer allowed to use the threat of excommunication against opponents and civil marriages became compulsory in the Reich (most were repelled). |
| League of Three Emperors | 1873; Treaty between Germany, Russia, & Austria-hungary; this created a union of conservative forces against nationalism and socialism; also, Austria-Hungary and Russia would not ally with France. |
| The Great Recession | 1873-1879; this created a coalition of conservative interests; it also linked Junkers and industrialists and they would lead Germany until 1918. Anti-socialism and anti-semitism thrived during this time. |
| The Easter Crisis | 1875-1878 Easter Question: Austria and Russia's expansion into the weakened Ottoman Empire territories (Mediterranean & Balkans). War in Sight Crisis: attempted to provoke France & humiliate it; back fired. |
| Dual Alliance | 1879: Between Germany and Austria-Hungary; both committed to aiding the other in case of a Russian attack. |
| Triple Alliance | 1882: Italy joins in the Dual Alliance; leaving Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy committed to aiding each other in case of a Russian attack |
| Otto van Bismarck | "Father of Germany"; appointed chancellor by Kaiser Wilhelm I in 1862, he wanted to unify Germany. Was dismissed in 1888. |
| Kaiser Wilhelm | German emperor, King of Prussia; appointed Bismarck as chancellor; with Bismarck, helped Prussia achieve the unification of Germany & establishment of the German Empire. |
| Junkers | Rich landowners with extensive estates in East Prussia (the governing class of Prussia). |
| Prussia | United State of Germany; it was hostile to the notion that political power should lie in the hands of the nation; had more representation than any other state. |
| North German Confederation | A revised version of the German confederation (after Prussia defeats Austria); this started an alliance of German states under the presidency of the Austrian emperor. |
| War Indemnity | payment by the French after Franco-Prussian war to Germany for the losses ocurred (loss of French territory, Alsace-Lorraine was German). |
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