1.
Anabaptists: radicals that did not like giving an important/dominant role in the church to the state
2.
Anabaptists: regarded as dangerous radicals who threatened the very fabric of sixteenth-century society (persecuted by Protestants and Catholics); believed in complete seperation of church and state
3.
Anabaptists: believed that a church should be a voluntary community of adult believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and had then been baptized; considered all believers to be equal and each church chose its own leader
4.
Annul: to declare invalid
5.
Calvinists: followers of the Biblical teachings of John Calvin
6.
Castiglione: wrote "the Book of the Courtier" in which the characteristics of a perfect renaissance noble were described
7.
Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor (Hapsburg ruler) who hoped to preserve the unity of his empire by keeping it Catholic--led to war between himself and the rulers of the german states
8.
Christian Humanism: believed that in order to change society, they must first change the human beings that make it up
9.
Christian Humanism: believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves
10.
Christian humanism: northern renaissance humanism; goal was the reform of the catholic church
11.
classical latin: the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome
12.
Consistory: a special body of enforcing moral discipline that was set up as a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of the Genevans; had the right to punish people who deviated from the church's teachings and moral principals
13.
Council of Trent: a group of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians who reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Catholic beliefs (faith and good works necessary for salvation, and purgatory and the use of indulgences)
14.
Dowry: a sum of money given by the wife's family to the husband upon marriage (was the most important aspect of a marriage contract)
15.
Erasmus: devised his "philosophy of Christ"--christianity should show how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than provide a system of beliefs that people have to practice to be saved, stressed the inwardness of religious feeling, and said the external forms of medieval religion (pilgrimages, fasts, relics, etc) were not that important
16.
Erasmus: wrote "the Praise of Folly"
17.
Erasmus: best known of all Christian humanists
18.
fresco: a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints
19.
High Renaissance: the final stage of Renaissance painting; associated with Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo
20.
Holy Roman Emperor: the official title of Charles V; was also head of the church (?)
21.
Humanism: an intellectual movement based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history (all based on the works of ancient Greek and Roman authors)
22.
Indulgence: Release from all or part of the punishment for sin
23.
John Calvin: believed in justification and devised predestination; worked to reform the city of Geneva
24.
John Calvin: wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion"--a summary of Protestant thought
25.
Justification by Faith: being made right before God by faith alone (devised by Martin Luther)
26.
King Henry VIII: used his powers to dissolve the monasteries and sell their land and possessions to wealthy landowners and merchants
27.
King Henry VIII: succeeded by Edward VI; father of Mary and Elizabeth
28.
King Henry VIII: caused the connection of the church of England with the Church of Rome to be dissolved by the Act of Supremacy of 1534
29.
Machaivelli: wrote "The Prince"; was among the first to abandon morality as the basis for analyzing political activity
30.
Martin Luther: devised justification by faith
31.
Martin Luther: excommunicated and then made an outlaw by the Edict of Worms
32.
Michelangelo: did the "Pieta", the sistine chapel, the "statue of St. David", and St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome
33.
Michelangelo: painter, sculptor, poet, and architect of the high renaissance; created the ideal type of human being with perfect proportions
34.
Northern Euopean artists' style: stressed the technical side of painting; investigated movement and human anatomy; architects sought to reflect a human centered world
35.
Peace of Augsburg: formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany--each ruler could determine the religion of his subjects, but the subjects could not determine their own religion
36.
Peace of Augsburg: (1555) ended religious warfare in Germany (between Charles V and individual rulers of German states)
37.
Predestination: (Calvin); God had determined in advance who would be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate)
38.
Renaissance women: main roles were to bear children and obedience to their husbands
39.
Reprobate: the damned
40.
Salvation: acceptance into heaven
41.
secular: worldly
42.
The Divine Comedy: (Dante); the story of the soul's journey to heaven-- through hell, purgatory, and heaven (or "paradise")
43.
the Ninety-five Theses: attack by Luther on the abuses on the sale of indulgences
44.
The Praise of Folly: criticized aspects of society that he believed were most in need of reform (superstition, upper class privledges, and church abuses)
45.
The Prince: said the prince's attitude toward power must be based on an understanding of human nature, which he believed was basically self-centered; a prince acts on behalf of the state, and for the sake of the state he must be willing to let his conscience sleep
46.
Third Estate: made up of peasants, townspeople, burghers, workers, and the unemployed
47.
Urban Society: a system in which powerful city-states are the center of political, economic, and social life
48.
Venice: a republic trade empire that served as a link between Asia and western Europe; supposed to have a leader called a "doge", but was really led by a small group of merchant-aristocrats who ran the govornment for their own intrests
