Human Geography Exam
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juliahelene17 on December 17, 2009
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115 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Absolute location | locations determined by a frame of reference, typically longitude and latitude. |
| Florida's absolute location | Latitude 24°30'N to 31°N, Longitude 79°48'W to 87°38'W |
| Relative location | describes a place in relation to other human and physical features |
| Example of Relative Location | Chicago is on Lake Michigan, south of Milwaukee |
| Relative locations are... | constantly modified and change over time |
| Dot maps | used to trace the pattern of deaths within the Soho District for cholera; usual form of population map being drawn at different scales; each dot represents a certain number of people |
| Site | is the physical and human-transformed characteristics of a place. Physical site characteristics are climate, topography, soil, water, vegetation and elevation. Site features are important for people in choosing a place to live. Sites may also be human such as airports, street patterns, public parks, etc. |
| Situation | This refers to relative location. This is important in determining the centrality or isolation of a place, which is highly subject to change. It also helps us find an unfamiliar place by comparing its location to a place that we know (i.e. giving directions). |
| Periodic movement | involves returning home, but a longer period of time away from the home base than cyclic movement |
| Migrant labor | cross-border movers for work |
| Transhumance | a system of pastoral farming in which ranchers move livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures; periodic form of movement because it involves a long period of residential relocation; i.e. Switzerland's cattle in the mountains |
| Expansion diffusion | an innovation develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward; i.e. the spread of Islam from its hearth on the Arabian Peninsula to Egypt and North Africa, through Southwest Asia, and into West Africa |
| Contagious diffusion | nearly all adjacent individuals are affected; i.e. disease |
| Hierarchical diffusion | a pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to what is being diffused; i.e. Birckenstock sandals |
| Stimulus diffusion | adoption of a vague idea or innovation; i.e. the diffusion of mass-produced food items, led to the introduction of the hamburger to India |
| Relocation diffusion | the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea, and who carry it to a new, distant, locale, where they proceed to disseminate it; i.e. ethnic neighborhoods |
| Regions | geographers use regions to divide the world; i.e. the Rockies or New England; informal frames of reference; an area that shares similar characteristics; i.e. vegetation distribution, soil properties, slope angles, or drainage pattterns |
| Formal region | region marked by visible uniformity; i.e. a desert basin; defined by cultural traits and physical criteria; i.e. the region of Europe where French is spoken by a large portion of the population |
| Functional region | product of interactions, of movement of various kinds; a city has a surrounding region within which workers commute, either to the downtown area or to malls and parks, that urban area, defined by people moving toward and within it, is the functional region. |
| Perceptual region | intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography; impressions and images of various regions and cultures, based on our accumulated knowledge about such regions and cultures; i.e. the Mid-Atlantic region, or the "West" |
| Place | fourth theme; unique human and physical characteristics |
| Placelessness | defined by Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next; i.e. Las Vegas strip |
| Sense of place | infusing a place with meaning and emotion; remembering important events that occurred there; labeling a place with a certain character |
| Enviornmental determinism | human behavior, individually and collectively, is strongly affected by---even controlled or determined by----the physical environment; i.e. why Britain dominated the globe |
| Possiblism | recognition of the physical environment but the belief that cultural heritage is at least as important as the environment in shaping human behavior; people make choices based on the opportunities and limitations of the physical environment but their choices are also guided by cultural heritage. |
| Enviornmental perception | emphasizes the importance of human perception of the environment rather than the actual character of the land; i.e. people believing a flood was caused by the displeasure of the gods, so they respond by building an alter, rather than a dam |
| Cultural determinism | emphasizes human culture as ultimately more important than physical environment in shaping human actions; i.e. moden movements to "take back the earth" in action to reverse global warming |
| Migration | when movement results in permanent relocation across significant distances |
| International migration | movement across country borders; external migration |
| Internal migration | migration that occurs within a country's borders; the U.S. is a mobile population |
| Chain migration | occurs when the migrant chooses a destination and communicates to tell family and friends at home about the new place |
| Internal refugees | displaced peoples within their own country |
| Time space compression | a term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity; time space convergence is the greatly accelerated movement of goods, ideas, etc. druring the 20th century made possible by technological innovations. |
| Push factors | involuntary migrations; conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place |
| Types of Push factors: | Economic conditions,Political circumstances,Armed conflict and civil war,Environmental condition,Technological advances |
| Forced migration | involves the imposition of authority or power, producing involuntary migration movements that cannot be understood based on theories of choice; i.e. the Atlantic slave trade, Britain to Australia, Russians, Jews |
| Selective immigration | individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from entering; i.e. South Africa demanding pure European descent |
| Every migration flow | generates a return or counter migration |
| The majority of migrants move a | short distance |
| Migrants who move longer distances | tend to choose big-city destinations |
| Urban residents are___-than inhabitants of ___ | less migratory,rural areas |
| Families are to ____ make international moves than young adults | less likely |
| Stage 1: Low Growth | marked by human suffering; high birth rates and equally high death rates; population increases slowly |
| Stage 2: High Growth | high birth rates and low death rates; i.e. a direct effect of the Industrial revolution |
| Stage 3: Moderate Growth | marked by continuing decline in death rates and a significant decline in birth rates; result is continued growth in the population but at a much slower rate; i.e. Latin American and Asia during the 1900's |
| Stage 4: Low Growth | low TFRs and low death rates; low to no pop growth; i.e. countries with highly educated women |
| Hutterites broke from the ___ | Catholic and Protestant churches during the Protestant reformation |
| Followers (Hutterites) are called | ANABAPTISTS |
| Hutterites are the only anabaptists who | live communally |
| Anabaptists groups include | the Amish, Mennonites, Hutterites, and Brethren |
| Hutterites use/dont use technology that help with agriculture | use |
| Mormens live in | Utah |
| Folk culture | small, has a homogeneous population, is typically rural, and cohesive in its cultural traits. |
| Popular culture | large, has a heterogeneous population, typically urban, and has quickly changing cultural traits. |
| Hearths: | Key cities (i.e. Milan, Paris, New York), major fashion houses in world cities, urban mall |
| Local culture | a group of people in a place that see themselves a community, who share customs and traits in order to distinguish themselves from others. |
| Material culture | the things a group of people construct like art, houses, clothing, sports, etc. |
| Nonmaterial culture | the beliefs practices and values of a group of people |
| Main paths of diffusion of popular culture are | TRANSPORTATION, MARKETING, AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS |
| Hearth | the point of origin |
| Cultural appropriation | the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit |
| ___ explains how quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two places are through transportation and communication | Time space compression |
| Ideas diffuse through | interconnected places rapidly rather then at constant rates over similar distances |
| There are ___ colonies of Hutterites | 425 |
| Typically a hearth begins with | contagious diffusion |
| Assimilation | incorporating indigenous peoples into the dominant culture; i.e. to make American Indians into Americans rather than Indians |
| Assimilation discourages | NATIVE PRACTICES |
| __,___,____ exert the greatest influence on global popular culture | NORTH AMERICA, WESTERN EUROPE, AND JAPAN |
| Urban/Rural local cultures are harder to maintain | urban |
| Ethnic neighborhoods | a place to practice their costums, within a major city; i.e. Hasidic Jews in Brooklyn, NY, and Italians in Boston, etc. |
| Race | a constructed identity and a perfect example of how identities are built; all humans are of the same race; |
| Different societies and cultures have different ideas about what jobs are appropriate for men and women-example: i | n Bali and Africa women are just as dependable as men in the labor pool; peripheral countries tend to see the role of young women as one of financial supoort for their families, thus many women migrate from rural areas and travel to cities or central industrial locales to produce and earn a wage to send back home |
| ___ is a good example of how identities affect scales and vice versa. | Ethnicity |
| Ethnicity | an identity stemming from the notion that people are closely bounded, even related, in a certain place over time; where people share not only a culture but an ethnos, their belongingness or binding into group and place, and their sense of cultural identity are very strongly defined; historically constructed; implies relations among a people over time |
| Language | a set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication; the speakers of a language understand the meaning of the sounds and symbols and use them to communicate with eachother |
| Cornerstone of culture | who we are as a culture is reinforced and redefined through shared language; reflects where a culture has been, what a culture values, etc. |
| ___ binds a cultural identity | Language |
| Isogloss | geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs, but such a boundary is rarely a simple line; outlying areas of useage extend beyond the isogloss |
| Language family | classify languages into; within a family, the languages have a shared but distant origin |
| Indo-European language family | stretches across the greatest extent of territory and claims the greatest number of speakers |
| ____ is the most widely spoken language within Indo-European family | English |
| Sound shift | a slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward to its origin Ex: Italian, Spanish and English are all derived from Latin |
| Linguistic divergence | a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then continued isolation divides the language into discrete languages; i.e. Spanish and Portugese |
| Lingua franca | language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce; single or mix of two; i.e. Swahili |
| Pidgin language | when people that speak two languages are in contact, a combination of parts of one language in a simplified structure and vocabulary; i.e. the Frankish language |
| Toponyms: | place names |
| Post-colonial toponyms | when African colonies became independent countries, many of the new governments changed the toponyms of places named after colonial figures; i.e. Upper Volta to Burkina Faso |
| Postrevolution toponyms | independence prompts name-changes; i.e. General Seko changed the name of the Belgian Congo in Subsaharan Africa to Zaire |
| Memorial toponyms | a name to memorialize an important person or event; i.e. Georgia and Mississippi being named after MLK |
| Commodification | buying, selling and trading |
| Christianity founder | Jesus |
| Christian beliefs | God is deity, book is the Bible, Jesus died to save humanity origin - present day Israel |
| Christiandiffusion | missionaries and colonization |
| Christian concentration today | Europe, North America, most of South America, Australia, South Africa |
| founder of Islam | muhammad |
| Muslim beliefs | Allah is the deity, the 5 Pillars of Islam to achieve salvation |
| Muslim origin | Mecca, present day Saudi Arabia |
| Muslim concentrations today | Northern Africa, Southwest Asia |
| Hindu beliefs | Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva are the deities, Vedas is the writings, soul never dies, karma, reincarnation called Moksha |
| Hinduism concentration | Pakistan |
| Hindu diffusion | relocation migration |
| Buddhism founder | sidharta gautama, buddha |
| Buddhist beliefs | no deity, Dhammapada is the writing, soul never dies, karma, reincarnation called nirvana. |
| Buddhism origin | India near Ganges River |
| how Buddhism spread | missionaries and migration |
| Buddhist concentration today | Vietnam, Korea, Japan, China, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Nepal, Tibet |
| Zionism | movement to create a Jewish nation in the middle east |
| Universalizing religion | Christianity, Islam and Buddhism; attempt to be global in its appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world; 60 percent identity |
| Ethnic religion | appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place; 24 percent identify |
| Islam-percent | 21 percent |
| Christianity-percent | 33 percent |
| Buddhism-percent | 6 percent |
| Hinduism-percent | 14 percent |
| approach of the French gov to cultural invasion | made a law requiring 40% of radio to be in French |
| Different theories of Language development (just names, definitions on graphic organizer) | Conquest Theory, Agriculture Theory, Dispersal Hypothesis |
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