Physics Chpt. 5 Review
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56 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 amorphous | a solid with randomly arranged particles |
| crystalline | a solid with its constituent particles in an orderly arrangement |
| space lattice | ''skeleton'' of a crystal |
| lattice point | dot representing each particle on a space lattice |
| unit cell | smallest repeating figure in a crystalline solid |
| cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, rhombohedral, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic | Name the seven crystal systems |
| Hooke's law | F(s)= kx; the farther the separation between particles of a solid, the stronger the force tending to draw them back together again. |
| restorative force | an upward cohesive force |
| stress | the deformative force per unit cross-sectional area |
| strain | the relative amount of deformation |
| Amorphous solids do not have much structural organization while crystalline solids do (they have unit cells). | What is the difference between amorphous and crystalline solids? |
| direct proportional relationship | What is the relationship between stress and strain for all kinds of deformation? |
| stretching or Young Modulus; Y = f(s)L/a x l-l | What is the proportionality constant for stretching called? To what is it equal? |
| ultimate tensile strength, breaking point, elastic limit, and proportional limit | Name and define four points on the graph of stress vs. strain. |
| bending | What kinds of manipulation are related to Young's modulus? To the shear modulus? |
| wash cloth, asian noodles, twistie ties | Give three examples of torsion. |
| plasticity | the maximum amount of relative deformation that may be permanently imposed upon it. |
| rigidity and resilience | Name two kinds of elasticity. |
| forging, rolling, drawing, extrusion, and spinning | Define five industrial processes for working metal. |
| Mohs' hardness number and Brinell's hardness number | What are two hardness scales? |
| -A material can scratch anything with a lower Mohs' number but nothing with a higher Mohs' number. | What is the rule for predicting which of two materials will scratch the other? |
| F | Force |
| F(s) | stretching force |
| F(r) | restorative force |
| x | deformation |
| A | area |
| l | length |
| delta | ''change in'' |
| Y | Young's modulus |
| F(c) | compressive force |
| F(sh) | shearing force |
| G | shear modulus |
| h | distance between the applied force and the supporting force |
| Because the outer boundary of each particle in the crystal in fact touches upon the outer boundary of its neighbor | How is the space lattice unrealistic? |
| stress | F(s)/A |
| strain | delta l/l |
| stretch/Young modulus | Y=F(s)l/A delta L; amount of stretching force required per unit area to produce a doubling in length (most objects will fracture long before they are stretch to that extent). |
| proportional limit | point after which Hooke's law stops applying |
| elastic limit | point after which object becomes permanently destroyed |
| ultimate tensile strength | point at which stress is the highest |
| breaking point | point after which the object has reached maximum strain and breaks |
| equilibrium | distance of separation at which particles neither attract or repel |
| bending | tends to snap the rod in two |
| shearing | tends to sever the rod |
| torsion | tends to twist the rod apart |
| shear | the combination of two oppositely directed forces different lines of cation |
| elasticity | the ability to recover their original shape after being deformed by an external force |
| rigidity | elasticity opposing deformation |
| resilience | elasticity requiring small amount of strain to bring material back to its elastic limit |
| mechanical working | various processes used to impose desired shapes upon ingots of newly refined metal |
| ingot | a large, solid bar of metal |
| forging | metal is squeezed or pounded between two dies (two half-molds) |
| rolling | metal is pressed down by a series of paired, heavy rollers into a continuous sheet |
| malleability | property of metal that allows it to be rolled or hammered into a sheet |
| drawing | metal is pulled through a single die into a continuous ribbon with the same cross-sectional shape as the interior surface of the die |
| ductility | property of metal that allows them to be drawn |
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