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alliteration repetition at close intervals of initial consonant words assonance repetition at close intervals of vowel sounds consonance repetition at close intervals of final consonant sounds cacophony harsh, non-melodic, unpleasant sounding arrangement of words euphony pleasant, easy to articulate words onomatopoeia use of words which mimic their meaning in sound sibilance hissing sounds represented by s, z, sh allegory characters are symbols, has a moral apostrophe someone absent, dead, or imagianary, or an abstraction, is being addressed as if it could reply didactic poetry poetry with the primary purpose of teaching or preaching dramatic monologue character "speaks" through the poem; a character study elegy poem which expresses sorow over a death of someone for whom the poet cared, or on another solemn theme sonnet 14 line poem, fixed rhyme scheme, fixed meter (usually 10 syllables per line) connotation what a word suggests beyond its surface definition denotation basic definition or dictionary meaning of a word diction choice of words for effect syntax word order or grammatical appropriateness blank verse unrhymed iambic pentameter caesura a natural pause in the middle of a line, sometimes coinciding with punctuation couplet two successive lines which rhyme, usually at the end of a work enjambment describes a line of poetry in which the sense and grammatical construction continues on to the next line feminine rhyme latter two syllables of first word rhyme with latter two syllables of second word (ceiling appealing) free verse no fixed meter or rhyme iambic pentameter 70% of verse is written this way; ten syllables per line, following an order of unaccented-accented syllables internal rhyme repetition of sounds within a line (but not at the end of the line) masculine rhyme final syllable of first word rhymes with final syllable of second word (scald recalled) meter regularized rhythm of stressed and unstressed syllables; accents occur at approx. equal intervals of time refrain repeated word, phrase, line, or group of lines in a pattern rhyme repetition of end sounds rhythm wave-like recurrence of sound stanza group of lines structure internal organization of a poem's content allusion a reference to something in literature of history anaphora repetition of the same word or words at the start of two or more lines archetype a character or personality type found in every society conceit an extended witty, paradoxical, or startling metaphor hyperbole exaggeration, overstatement imagery representation through language of a sensory experience irony incongruity or discrepancy between the implied and expected; verbal, dramatic, situational metaphor implied or direct comparison metonymy symbolism; one thing is used as a substitute for another with which it is closely identified (the White House) mood the atmosphere suggested by the structure and style of the poem oxymoron compact paradoxl two successive words contradict each other pace tempo or rate implied by the structure and style of the poem paradox statement or situation containing seemingly contradictory elements parallelism presents coordinating ideas in a coordinating manner persona assumed speaker of the poem; typically used synonymously with 'speaker' personification giving a non-human the characteristics of a human simile comparison using 'like' or 'as' style an author's combined use of these ideas into a recurring pattern of usage symbolism something (object, person, situation, etc.) means more than what it is synecdoche symbolism; the part signifies the whole, or the whole the part (all hands on board) theme central idea tone writer's attitude toward the audience or subject, implied or related directly understatement saying less than one means, for effect