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memory any system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information information-processing model cognitive understanding of memory emphasizing how information is changed encoding one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves modification of information storage one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves retention of encoded material over time retrieval one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves location and recovery of information eidetic imagery especially clear form of memory; "photographic memory" sensory memory preserves brief sensory impressions of stimuli working memory preserves recently perceived events for less than a minute long-term memory (LTM) largest memory capacity and duration; stores material organized by meaning chunking organizing pieces of information into smaller, more meaningful units maintenance rehearsal information is repeated or reviewed to keep from fading in working memory elaborative rehearsal information is actively reviewed and related to information already in LTM acoustic encoding conversion of information to sound patterns levels-of-processing theory information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory will be remembered better procedural memory stores memories for how things are done declarative memory stores facts episodic memory stores memory for personal events semantic memory stores general knowledge, including meanings of words engram physical changes in brain associated with mmory anterograde amnesia inability to for memories for new information consolidation process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories retrograde amnesia inability to remember information previously stored in memory flashbulb memory clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful event implicit memory memory that was not deliberately learned explicit memory memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled retrieval cues stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness priming technique for curing implicit memories tha provides cues to stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection recall retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information recognition retrieval method in one must identify present stimuli as being previously presented encoding specifity principle memory is encoded and stored with specifid cues related to the context in which it was formed mood-congruent memory memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood TOT phenomenon inability to recall a word while knowing that it is in memory transience impermanence of long-term memory forgetting curve graph plotting amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material absent-mindedness forgetting caused by lapses in attention blocking forgetting that occurs when an item in memory cannot be accessed or retrieved proactive interference cause of forgetting in which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new information retroactive interference cause of forgetting by which newly learned information prevents retrieval of previously stored material suggestibility memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion misinformation effect distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformaiton expectancy bias a tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one's expectations self-consistency bias commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our beliefs and ideas than we actually are persistence memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind mnemonics techniques for improving memory by making connections between new material and information already in LTM method of loci mnemonic device that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations language acquisition device (LAD) biologically organized mental structure that facilitates learning of language because (according to Chomsky) it is innately programmed with grammatical rules grammar rules of a language, specifying how to use stuff to make other stuff make sense morphemes meaningful units of language that make up words overregularization applying a grammatical rule too widely and creating incorrect forms computer metaphor idea that the brain is an information-processing organ that works like a computer concepts mental representations of categories of items or ideas based on experience natural concepts mental representations of objects drawn from our direct experience prototype ideal or most representative example of a conceptual category artificial concepts concepts defined by rules, such as word definitions and math formulas concept hierarchies levels of concepts in which a more general level includes more specific concepts event-related potentials brain waves in response to stimulation schema knowledge luster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, people, etc. script a cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions algorithms problem-solving procedures or formulas heuristics cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks mental set tendency to respond to a new problem in the strategy used for a previous problem functional fixedness inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose hindsight bias tendency, after learning about an event, to "second guess" that one could have predicted the events anchoring bias faulty heuristic caused by basing an estimate on an unrelated quantity representativeness bias faulty heuristic based on the presumption that once people or events are categorized, they share all the features of other members in that category availability bias faulty heuristic that estimates probabilities on information that can be recalled creativity mental process that provides novel responses for problems aptitudes innate potentialities whole method mnemonic strategy of first approaching the material to be learned as a whole, and then learning details distributed learning technique where learner spaces learning sessions over time overlearning startegy when the learner continues to study and rehearse the material after it has been brought to mastery