1.
absent-mindedness: forgetting caused by lapses in attention
2.
acoustic encoding: conversion of information to sound patterns
3.
algorithms: problem-solving procedures or formulas
4.
anchoring bias: faulty heuristic caused by basing an estimate on an unrelated quantity
5.
anterograde amnesia: inability to for memories for new information
6.
aptitudes: innate potentialities
7.
artificial concepts: concepts defined by rules, such as word definitions and math formulas
8.
availability bias: faulty heuristic that estimates probabilities on information that can be recalled
9.
blocking: forgetting that occurs when an item in memory cannot be accessed or retrieved
10.
chunking: organizing pieces of information into smaller, more meaningful units
11.
computer metaphor: idea that the brain is an information-processing organ that works like a computer
12.
concept hierarchies: levels of concepts in which a more general level includes more specific concepts
13.
concepts: mental representations of categories of items or ideas based on experience
14.
consolidation: process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories
15.
creativity: mental process that provides novel responses for problems
16.
declarative memory: stores facts
17.
distributed learning: technique where learner spaces learning sessions over time
18.
eidetic imagery: especially clear form of memory; "photographic memory"
19.
elaborative rehearsal: information is actively reviewed and related to information already in LTM
20.
encoding: one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves modification of information
21.
encoding specifity principle: memory is encoded and stored with specifid cues related to the context in which it was formed
22.
engram: physical changes in brain associated with mmory
23.
episodic memory: stores memory for personal events
24.
event-related potentials: brain waves in response to stimulation
25.
expectancy bias: a tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one's expectations
26.
explicit memory: memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled
27.
flashbulb memory: clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful event
28.
forgetting curve: graph plotting amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material
29.
functional fixedness: inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose
30.
grammar: rules of a language, specifying how to use stuff to make other stuff make sense
31.
heuristics: cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks
32.
hindsight bias: tendency, after learning about an event, to "second guess" that one could have predicted the events
33.
implicit memory: memory that was not deliberately learned
34.
information-processing model: cognitive understanding of memory emphasizing how information is changed
35.
language acquisition device (LAD): biologically organized mental structure that facilitates learning of language because (according to Chomsky) it is innately programmed with grammatical rules
36.
levels-of-processing theory: information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory will be remembered better
37.
long-term memory (LTM): largest memory capacity and duration; stores material organized by meaning
38.
maintenance rehearsal: information is repeated or reviewed to keep from fading in working memory
39.
memory: any system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information
40.
mental set: tendency to respond to a new problem in the strategy used for a previous problem
41.
method of loci: mnemonic device that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations
42.
misinformation effect: distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformaiton
43.
mnemonics: techniques for improving memory by making connections between new material and information already in LTM
44.
mood-congruent memory: memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood
45.
morphemes: meaningful units of language that make up words
46.
natural concepts: mental representations of objects drawn from our direct experience
47.
overlearning: startegy when the learner continues to study and rehearse the material after it has been brought to mastery
48.
overregularization: applying a grammatical rule too widely and creating incorrect forms
49.
persistence: memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind
50.
priming: technique for curing implicit memories tha provides cues to stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection
51.
proactive interference: cause of forgetting in which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new information
52.
procedural memory: stores memories for how things are done
53.
prototype: ideal or most representative example of a conceptual category
54.
recall: retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information
55.
recognition: retrieval method in one must identify present stimuli as being previously presented
56.
representativeness bias: faulty heuristic based on the presumption that once people or events are categorized, they share all the features of other members in that category
57.
retrieval: one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves location and recovery of information
58.
retrieval cues: stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness
59.
retroactive interference: cause of forgetting by which newly learned information prevents retrieval of previously stored material
60.
retrograde amnesia: inability to remember information previously stored in memory
61.
schema: knowledge luster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, people, etc.
62.
script: a cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions
63.
self-consistency bias: commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our beliefs and ideas than we actually are
64.
semantic memory: stores general knowledge, including meanings of words
65.
sensory memory: preserves brief sensory impressions of stimuli
66.
storage: one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves retention of encoded material over time
67.
suggestibility: memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion
68.
TOT phenomenon: inability to recall a word while knowing that it is in memory
69.
transience: impermanence of long-term memory
70.
whole method: mnemonic strategy of first approaching the material to be learned as a whole, and then learning details
71.
working memory: preserves recently perceived events for less than a minute
