Biology Semester One
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114 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Atom | smallest particle of an element |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion |
| covalent bond | bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms |
| hydrogen bond | weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms |
| amino acid | monomer of protein |
| monosaccharide | monomer of carbohydrate |
| glycerol | monomer of lipid |
| nucleotide | monomer of nucleic bonds |
| Enzymes | protein substances that speed up chemical reactions. lowers activation energy |
| prokaryotic cell | cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles |
| eukaryotic cell | cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles |
| Nucleus | a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction |
| ribosome | An organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins |
| Mitochondria | the organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy |
| Golgi Apparatus | A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell |
| Chloroplasts | organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis PLANTS ONLY |
| Cytoplasm | a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| cytoskeleton | interior structure of the cell helps keep organelles in position |
| Lysosomes | Responsible for chemical digestion |
| Vacuole | stores water and waste in the cell. Plants usually have one large, animals have multiple smaller |
| Peroxisomes | used to generate and breakdown hydrogen peroxide in a cell |
| phospholipid bilayer | a double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes (marker proteins) |
| channel protein | protein that allows entry into the cell. uses process of diffusion (requires no energy) |
| receptor proteins | receives hormonal signals from outside environment and sends messages to cell for modification |
| Carrier Protein | active transport. Transport molecules across the membrane |
| Cell Recognition Proteins | signals that a cell is not a bacteria or virus |
| Osmosis | water passes through membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration |
| Diffusion | requires no energy. Solute moves from high concentration to low concentration |
| isotonic | osmosis does not occur. solution concentration of outside environment is the same as inside the cell |
| Hypertonic | cell shrivels and shrinks. Lesser concentration on inside of cell than out |
| Hypotonic | Greater concentration of 2 solutes. Swells and eventually ruptures |
| G1 phase | phase where cell grows, internal organelles develop, and cell prepares for reproduction |
| S phase | cell cycle: stage of Dna replication |
| G2 phase | The final period of interphase during which the cell prepares for mitosis. |
| Prophase | the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes |
| metaphase | the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere. |
| Anaphase | spindle fibers pull the chromosomes away from each other to opposite sides of the cell |
| Haploid cell | a cell containing one set of chromosomes, A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair. made in meiosis |
| diploid Cell | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. made in mitosis |
| sexual reproduction | the production of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg |
| asexual reproduction | a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. through mitosis |
| cancer | disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth |
| malignant | type of cancer that spreads into the bloodstream to affect more than just the tumor. It is much less curable |
| Benign | cancer cells stay in the tumor and does not enter bloodstream. During earlier stages. Much more curable through surgery |
| Skin Cancer | most common type of cancer |
| Lung Cancer | most preventable type of cancer |
| aerobic respiration | Respiration that requires oxygen. NADH creates HUGE amount of atp |
| anaerobic respiration | Respiration that does not require oxygen. NADH to smaller amount of ATP |
| alchohol fermentation | anaerobic process. yeast->Bread |
| chlorophyll | green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis |
| Mouth | chemically breaks down carbohydrates (amylase) and mechanically breaks down all food (teeth) TRUE |
| salivary glands | any of three pairs of glands in the mouth and digestive system that secrete saliva for digestion ACCESSORY |
| esophogus | tube in wich food travels from mouth to the stomach |
| pharynx | throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx |
| epiglottis | a flap of cartilage that covers the larynx while swallowing |
| Stomach | organ that releases gastric juice and pepsin to break down protein. TRUE |
| Peristalsis | the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along |
| Liver | breaks down fats using Bile ACCESSORY |
| Pancreas | gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food |
| small intestine | uses intestinal juices to break down fats, proteins, and carbs into monomers. TRUE |
| Large Intestine | removes water to produce solid waste |
| larynx | wind pipe |
| nasal cavity | air is moistened and warmed |
| villi | Small fingerlike projections on the walls of the small intestines that increase surface area |
| trachea | carries air between larynx and bronchi |
| bronchi | two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs. |
| lungs | the main organs of the respiratory system. Gas exchange |
| alveoli | grapelike structures found in the lungs. They provide a large surface area for gas exchange to occur. |
| Kidneys | removes nitrogen waste from blood |
| nephron | main functional unit of excretory system, blood-filtering unit in the renal cortex of the kidney |
| urine | a fluid produced by the kidneys that contains water, urea, and other waste materials |
| DNA | genetic material for proteins |
| replication | (genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division |
| Helicase | enzyme that splits DNA strand by untwisting |
| Polymerase | an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA |
| Ligase | seals the gaps in the new DNA strand |
| Protein Synthesis | the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA |
| Watson and Crick | correctly described the structure of DNA as a double helix |
| Adenine | Thynine (Uracil RNA) |
| Cytosine | Guanine |
| MRNA | A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein; also called messenger RNA. |
| TRNA | transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome |
| karyotype | The figure produced when the chromosomes of a species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources |
| Selective breeding | breeding plants or animals for genetic traits |
| dermis | the deep vascular inner layer of the skin |
| epidermis | outer layer of skin |
| smooth muscle | organs; involuntary |
| skeletal muscle | attaches to bone, voluntary |
| cardiac muscle | muscle of the heart |
| tendon | connects muscle to bone |
| joints | where bones come together |
| ligament | tissue that connects bone to bone |
| centriole | organize the spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during animal cell mitosis |
| cilium | a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed |
| Smooth ER | portion that lacks ribosomes, makes lipids |
| Rough ER | portion that creates protein. RIbosomes attached to it |
| Endosymbiosis | a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives within another |
| biogenesis | all life comes from life |
| Flagella | whip-like structure used for cell motility |
| Nucleolus | The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus |
| Passive transport | transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion |
| Avery | Proposed that DNA could transmit disease, not protein & that hereditary material was probably made of DNA, not protein |
| Chargaff | The individual responsible for discovering the base pairing rules for DNA. |
| deletion mutations | the loss of one or more base pairs in the DNA |
| Double helix | a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis |
| Exon | sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures |
| Griffith | Discovered process of transformation. |
| Hershey and Chase | used bacteriophages and radioactive phosphorus in DNA and sulfur to determine what makes up genes |
| Insertion mutation | a mutation in which one or more bases or base pairs are added to a gene |
| Intron | sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein |
| Substitution mutation | Mutation in which a single base is replaced, potentially altering the gene product. |
| NADH | electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP |
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