205 terms

Terms	Definitions
samuel slater	sailed to the U.S. under a false name to give Americans the secret of Britain's textile machines
Cyrus Mccormick	United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical harvester (1809-1884)
Eli Whitney	United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)
Interchangeable parts	identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring
Robert Fulton	American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)
Samuel Morse	United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)
DeWitt Clinton	United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal (1769-1828)
Catharine Beecher	was a noted educator, renowned for her forthright opinions on women's education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of a kindergarten into children's education.
King Cotton	cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.
Lowell System	dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills
Market Revolution	economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves
Nativism	(philosophy) the philosophical theory that some ideas are innate
Cult of Domesticity	idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands
Cotton Gin	a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers
Clipper Ships	Second quarter of 1800s. Long, narrow, wooden ships with tall masts and enormous sails. Unequalled in speed and were used for trade, especially for transporting perishable products from distant countries like China and between the eastern and western United States.
Ancient Order of HIbernians	Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in American.
Molly Maguires	a society fo irish miners who engaged in a violent confrontation with pennsylvania mining companies in the 19th century
General Incorporation Law	allows corporations to be formed without a charter from the legislature. It also refers to a law enabling a certain type of corporation, such as a railroad, to exercise eminent domain and other special rights without a charter from the legislature.
Pony Express	express mail carried by relays of riders on horseback
Commonwealth v. hunt	court decided that unions were not conspiracies and it gave workers the right to protest and strike against companies
Order of the star-spangled-banner	made by Francis Scott Key made by watching battles on the ramparts
Alexis De Tocqueville	French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859)
Dorthea Dix	Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.
James Russell Lowell	Ranks as one of America's better poets; distinguished essayist, literary critic, editor, and diplomat. Remembered as a political satirist in his Biglow Papers especially those of 1846 dealing with the Mexican War.
Washington Irving	American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).
Oliver Wendell Holmes	United States writer of humorous essays (1809-1894)
Lucretia Mott	A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848
James Fenimore Copper	The Leatherstocking Tales, The Pioneers, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, Last of the Mochicans (Natty Bumppo)
Elizabeth Blackwell	First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S.
Horace Mann	United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)
Peter Cartwright	Best known of the Methodist "circuit riders" (traveling frontier preachers). Sinewy servant of the Lord ranged for half-century from Tennessee to Illinois, calling upon sinners to repent.
Noah Webster	American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton	United States suffragist and feminist
Edgar Alan Poe	Gifted lyric poet. Wrote "The Raven"; master stylist, he also excelled in the short story especially horror type, in which he shared his alcoholic nightmares with fascinated readers. Wrote "The Gold Bug".
Susan B. Anthony	Key leader of woman suffrage movement
Ralph Waldo Emerson	United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)
Nathaniel Hawthorne	United States writer of novels and short stories mostly on moral themes (1804-1864)
Robert Owen	Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858)
Henry David Thoreau	American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.
Herman Melville	United States writer of novels and short stories (1819-1891)
Charles G. Finney	urged people to abandon sin and lead good lives in dramatic sermons at religious revivals
William McGuffey	He taught students morality, patriotism, and idealism.
Joseph Smith	religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)
Emma Willard	in 1821 founded Troy Female Seminary in New York which was a model for girls' schools everywhere
Louis Agassiz	United States naturalist (born in Switzerland) who studied fossil fish
Walt Whitman	United States poet who celebrated the greatness of America (1819-1892)
John Audubon	French-American naturalist who was known for his paintings of wild birds in their natural surroundings, best known for his work Birds of America.
Henry W. Longfellow	Wrote many epic poems about history, though the were inacurate and very long
Louisa May Alcott	Novelist whose tales of family life helped economically support her own struggling transcendentalist family
Margaret Fuller	Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".
Francis Parkman	historian with defective eyes that forced him to write in darkness with the aid of a guiding machine; chronicled the struggle between France and England in colonial times for mastery of North America
Brigham Young	United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith
Phineas T. Barnum	an American showman who is best remembered for his entertaining hoaxes and for founding the circus
Stephen Foster	United States songwriter whose songs embody the sentiment of the South before the American Civil War (1826-1864)
Temperance Society	Organization whose mission was to ban all alcoholic beverages
Shakers	a celibate and communistic Christian sect in the United States
Maine Law	passed in 1851 in Maine, was one of the first statutory implementations of the developing temperance movement in the United States.
Second Great Awakening	A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
Hudson River School	the first coherent school of American art
Seneca Falls Convention	Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.
Knickerbocker Group	group in New York that wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes
Burned Over District	Charles Grandison Finney gave the region its name, referring to NY as a "burnt district" because so many revivals had taken place there during America's Second Great Awakening
Declaration of Sentiments	declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights
Transcendentalism	any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material
Millerites	believed that christ would return on OCtober 22, 1842 also known as Adventists
Oneida Community	A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.
Mormons	church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah
Harriet Beecher Stowe	United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)
William Lloyd Garrison	United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)
Denmark Vesey	United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)
Nat Turner	United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia
Sojourner Truth	former slave who became an abolitionist and women's rights activist
Theodore Weld	equated slavery with sin. A speaker who trained speakers who brought the movement to the heart of rural and small town in north.
Frederick Douglass	United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)
Arthur and Lewis Tappan	In 1826, the brothers began to import silk from Asia, and they quickly earned a sizable fortune gave money to abolistionist causes and became very stong abolitionists
Elijah P. Lovejoy	1st martyr of the abolitionists movement. Editor of antislavery paper. Minister said slavery is a sin
Grimke Sisters	were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.
John Quincy Adams	6th President of the United States
Abolitionism	the doctrine that calls for the abolition of slavery
Cotton Kingdom	Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton
The Liberator	antislavery newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison
American Anti-Slavery Society	Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.
American Colonization Society	A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.
Peculiar Institution	southern euphemism for slavery
Liberty Party	a former political party in the United States
Lane Rebels	In 1832 Theodore Dwight Weld went to the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Seminary was presided over by Lyman Beecher. Weld and some of his comrades were kicked out for their actions of anti-slavery. The young men were known as the "Lane Rebels." They helped lead and continue the preaching of anti-slavery ideas.
John Slidell	A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans. Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico
Winfield Scott	United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)
Sam Houston	United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)
San Jacinto	the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston fought on April 21, 1836, in present-day Harris County, Texas,
Lone Star Republic	The texans had carried a flag with a simgle white star after winning independence, they nicknamed their nation the lone star republic
Zachary Taylor	12th President of the United States
James K. Polk	11th President, led US to war with Mexico
Walker Tariff	A tariff for revenue bill that reduced that rates of the Tariff of 1842 from 32% to 25%.
David Wilmot	Member of Congress who proposed an amendment to outlaw slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico
John C. Fremont	Presidential nominee for Republicans in election of 1856, founded and explored california in preceding decades.
Manifest Destiny	a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)
Webster Ashburton Treaty	1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition
Conscience Whigs	whigs, usually in the north, who opposed slavery
Bear Flag Revolt	Fight between Mexico and the United States for California: US victory
Caroline	American steamer that was attacked in New York and set on fire by British Force.
Hudson's Bay Company	founded in 1670 in London, England, by a group of British merchants eager to exploit the resources of northern Canada.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million
Californios	Mexicans who lived in California
All of Mexico	People that believed strong in the Manifest Destiny wanted all of Mexico to be added to the country which posed many problems and was never done
Aroostook War	Clash between Canadians and Americans over disputed timber country
Wilmot Proviso	Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico
Lewis Cass	1848 Democratic candidate known as the Father of Popular Sovereignty
Stephen A. Douglass	Supports popular sovereignty, wants to be president, also wants transcontinential railroad
Franklin Pierce	14th President of the United States (1804-1869)
John C. Calhoun	South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification
Daniel Webster	United States politician and orator (1782-1817)
Matthew C. Perry	took naval expedition to japan to negotiate a trade treaty
Harriet Tubman	Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad
William H. Seward	bought ALASKA s.o.s. , oil and gold found
James Gadsden	American diplomat, politician, and railroad promoter who negotiated the Gadsden Purchase.
Popular Soverignty	where the people decide for themselves wether or not to have something, the right of the people to govern themselves
Free Soil Party	a former political party in the United States
Fire Eaters	Southern politicians who sought secession
Fugitive Slave Law	escaped slaves had to be returned to their owners
Underground Railroad	abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves
Compromise of 1850	Devised by Clay - California was free state, stricter Fugitive Slave Law, ended Slave Trade in DC
Gag Rule	a rule for limiting or ending debate in a deliberative body
Missouri Compromise	Set up Maine and Missouri as respective free and slave states, instituted 36 30 as the line
Clayton- Bulwer Treaty	called for two treaties to jointly build a canal
Ostend Manifesto	Attempt to buy Cuba from Spain for $20 million - not carried out
Higher Law	a principle that takes precedent over the laws of society
Kansas Nebraska act	a law that allowed the people in kansas and nebraska to decide of slavery would be legal.
Hinton Helper	a southern critic of slavery during the 1850s
John Brown	abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)
Beecher's Bibles	Guns provided young men who went to fight for free soil in Kansas.
Charles Sumner	Leading Radical Republican senator throughout the Civil War and Reconstruction periods
Preston Brooks	Responsible for beating radical republican Charles Sumner with his cane
Dred Scott	Slave who was briefly taken by his owner into free territory
John C. Breckenridge	candidate of southern democrats for election of 1860
John Bell	Candidate for the Constitutional Union Party
Jefferson Davis	president of the confederacy
Alexander Stephens	Confederate vice-president
John Crittenden	Senator who proposed slavery be protected by the Constitution
Uncle Tom's Cabin	written by harriet beecher stowe
Impending Crisis of the South	book written by Hinton Rowan Helper in 1857, condemns the institution of slavery
New England Immigrant aid Society	promoted anti-slavery migration to Kansas. The movement encouraged 2600 people to move.
Pottawatomie creek Massacre	lead by John Brown, 5 men are killed in a revolt
Lecompton Constitution	pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union - rejected
Bleeding Kansas	Term referring to bloodshed over popular sovereignty in a particular western territory
Panic of 1857	crash after Dred Scott Decision caused by speculation in the Crimean War and a slowing Northern economy, lowered tariffs as a result
Lincoln Douglass Debates	debates between republican lincoln and democrat douglas during the us senate campaign in illinois.
Freeport Doctrine	idea that any territory could ban slavery by simply refusing to pass laws supporting it
Harper's Ferry Raid	John Brown plans to start a slave uprising, so he steals weapons at Harpers Ferry and is stopped by U.S. Marines where he is captured
constitutional Union Party	a former political party in the United States
Crittenden Compromise	lincoln opposed it because it would allow slavery to spread to some of the territories
Fort Sumter	first battle of the civil war
Anaconda Plan	three-part union strategy to win the Civil War
Napolean III	original Napolean's nephew; consolidated conservative gvt. and the ideals of nationalism
Maximillian	Austrian archduke, became emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III
Charles Francis Adams	convinced England to stop making ships for the south during the civil war
Clara Barton	Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross
Edwin M. Stanton	Sec of War during Civil War, dismissed by Jackson under Tenure of Office
Morrill Tariff Act	1861 law that increased tariffs duties to 10%
National Banking Act	1863 - Established system of national charters for banks
Trent Affair	Foreign event involving Union seizure of British ship with Confederate diplomats.
Laird Rams	confederate wrships built in britian designed to destroy the union blockade.
New York Draft Riots	uprising of wroking- class Irish- Americans in protest of the draft
Clement Vallandigham	opposed lincoln;unionist of the Copperhead faction of anti-war, pro-Confederate Democrats
Andrew Johnson	17th President of the United States
John Wilkes Booth	United States actor and assassin of President Lincoln (1838-1865)
Robert E. Lee	General of the Confederates (South)
Thomas Jackson	Gen. "Stonewall"; Won the 1st Battle of Bull Run; Killed at Battle of Chancellorsville
J.E.B Stuart	Commanded the CS cavalry for Union Army at Yellow Tavern. He was also mortally wounded.
Ulysses S. Grant	Union military commander who won victories when others had failed and defeated Lee
George B. McClellan	second commander lincoln tried but too cautious
William T. Sherman	Commanded the western theater and his most famous campaign was the March to the Sea
Salmon P. Chase	American politician and jurist in the Civil War era who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and Governor of Ohio
David Farragut	Union naval admiral whose fleet captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge
George Pickett	American general in the Confederate army at Cemetery Ridge in the Battle of Gettysburg.
Merrimack and Monitor	was a naval battle of the American Civil War, famous for being the first fight between two ironclads
Emancipation Proclamation	Declaration by Lincoln after Antietam declaring all slaves in rebelling states to be free
13th Amendment	abolished slavery
Copperheads	Democrats who opposed the civil war
Union Party	united party between Republicans and Northern Democrats
Bull Run	either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862)
antietam	It was a major Union victory over the South. It removed all hopes in the South of getting foreign support.
Thaddeus Stevens	Leader of the Radical Republicans
Benjamin Wade	Supported Radical Republicans, one of the leaders of the anti-slavery acts
Freedman's Bureau	provided: food, clothing, jobs, medical care, schools for former slaves and the poor whites
10% plan	said a southern state could organize a government when 10% of the people had taken an oath
Wade Davis Bill	majority of whites to swear loyality, no former confed volunteer could hold office or vote
Conquered Provinces	republicans believed the states that had seceded were these
Radical Republicans	Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war
Black Codes	Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves
sharecropping	Poor people contracted with landowners to work the land and get a share of the crop
Civil Rights Act	guaranteed blacks the same treatment as whites in certain public places
14th Amendment	Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
swing around the circle	speaking campaign of US President Andrew Johnson in which he tried to gain support of his mild Reconstruction policies
Military Reconstruction act	set up martial law (military rule) in the South , nullified Johnson's programs
15th Amendment	citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
ex parte milligan	United States Supreme Court case that ruled suspension of Habeas Corpus
Radical Regimes	By 1870 southern states had reorganized their governments and had been accorded full rights. The hated "blue bellies" remained until the new Republican regimes—usually called _______—appeared to be firmly entrenched.
scalawags	southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction
Carpetbaggers	Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War
Ku Klux Klan	a secret society of white Southerners in the United States, founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American
Force Acts	acts that hurt the ku klux klan and stopped their night attacks,.
Tenure of office act	congress gave senate power to approve changes made to the senate
seward's Folly	William Seward purchased alaska and americans mockingly called it
Henry Grady	Editor of Atlanta Constitution headed group to build "New South"

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