| Term | Definition |
| acetylene | ethyne |
| lime | calcium oxide |
| slaked lime | calcium hydroxide |
| galena | lead sulfide |
| alumina | aluminum oxide |
| baking soda | sodium bicarbonate |
| cane or beet sugar | sucrose |
| blue stone, blue vitriol | copper sulfate pentahydrate |
| borax | sodium tetraborate decahydrate |
| brimstone | sulfur |
| calcite, marble, limestone | calcium carbonate |
| cream of tartar | potassium hydrogen tartrate |
| epsom salts | magnesium sulfate heptahydrate |
| gypsum | calcium sulfate dihydrate |
| grain alcohol | ethanol |
| hypo | sodium thiosulfate |
| laughing gas | dinitrogen oxide |
| litharge | lead oxide |
| lye, caustic soda | sodium hydroxide |
| milk of magnesia | magnesium hydroxide |
| muriatic acid | hydrochloric acid |
| oil of vitriol | sulfuric acid |
| plaster of paris | calcium sulfate hemihydrate |
| potash | potassium carbonate |
| pyrite | iron disulfide |
| quicksilver | mercury |
| sal ammoniac | ammonium chloride |
| saltpeter | sodium nitrate |
| table salt | sodium chloride |
| washing soda | sodium carbonate decahydrate |
| wood alcohol | methanol |