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pilgrimage a journey to a shrine or other holy place for spiritual and devotional reasons simony the buying and selling of spiritual things, spiritual services, or Church offices excommunication a severe penalty imposed by the Church for serious sins against the Catholic religion; it excludes participation in the sacraments lay investiture illicit practice by secular leaders to invest, or empower, a church leader with authority Christendom the cultural and political atmosphere that came into existence during the High Middle Ages in Europe when nearly everyone was Catholic and Catholicism influenced every aspect of people's lives transubstantiation the term used to describe the changing of the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ that takes place during the consecration of the Mass, by the power of the Holy Spirit through the words and actions of the priest