1.
annul: to cancel or put an end to
2.
aristocracy: a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility
3.
Babur: 11 year old, unified and expanded kingdom
4.
baroque: grand ornate style of 1600s, early 1700s
5.
Bill of Rights: 10 amendments to the Constitution
6.
cabinet: government ministers, ect. in ruler's name, majority of Parliament; leader- Prime Minister
7.
Christianity: the monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus begun in the first century A.D.
8.
Committee of Public Safety: decided "enemies of the public"
9.
concordat: agreement
10.
conquistadors: the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century
11.
constitutional monarchy: laws limit ruler's power
12.
coup d'état: overthrew the government (quickly)
13.
daimyo: samurai who took control of old feudal states
14.
Declaration of Independence: firmly base on the ideas of John Locke; argued for natural rights, written by Thomas Jefferson
15.
Declaration of the Rights of Man: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity; guaranteed equal justice, freedom of speech and religion
16.
despot: absolute ruler; e.g. king, emperor
17.
devshirme: sultan's army, could create janissaries
18.
direct democracy: a government in which citizens rule directly rather than through representatives
19.
Emigrés: nobles, etc. fled France during the peasants uprisings. They hoped to undo the Revolution, restore the Old Regime
20.
encomienda: a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it.
21.
enlightened despots: monarchs who embraced new ideas, made reforms
22.
estates: social classes
23.
federal system: power divided between national and state government
24.
ghazi: warrior for Islam, much like Middle Ages' Christian Knights
25.
Great Fear: wave of senseless panic
26.
guillotine: cuts off people's heads
27.
Gutenberg Bible: the first full-sized book printed with movable type and a printing press
28.
haiku: presents images; 5-7-5 syllables
29.
happiness: found by living by nature's laws
30.
heliocentric model: sun-centered model of the solar system
31.
humanism: a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
32.
indulgence: a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sun
33.
Jacobin Club: violent speech making club
34.
janissaries: elite force of 30,000; Christian boys converted to Islam, trained to become soldiers; the heart of the Ottoman Army
35.
Judaism: the monotheistic religion of the Hebrews founded by Abraham around 2000 B.C.
36.
kabuki theatre: drama attended by townspeople, elaborate costumes, music, dance, mime; skits about modern urban life (men play all of the roles)
37.
Legislative Assembly: had the power to create laws, approve/prevent war
38.
liberty: freedom of speech, religion, trade, personal travel
39.
Lutherans: members of the Protestant church founded by Martin Luther
40.
lycées: government run public schools
41.
mestizo: of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
42.
middle passage: the middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle; brought captured Africans to West Indies, N/S Americas
43.
Ming Dynasty: controlled China 1368-1644
44.
monarchy: a government in which power is in the hands of a single person
45.
Muhgals: Mongols
46.
Napoleonic code: laws; eliminated injustices; limited liberty
47.
National Assembly: Third Estate, passed laws and reforms in the name of the French people
48.
natural laws: patterns and explanations of the world discovered through reason and intelligence, used by the Greeks in place of superstition ad traditional explanations of the world
49.
natural rights: life, liberty, property
50.
nature: good and reasonable
51.
neoclassical: borrowed ideas from Greeks, Romans; "new" classical music, late 1700s
52.
noh drama: ceremonial drama, attended by samurais tragic themes (men play all of the roles
53.
Old Regime: system of feudalism from Middle Ages
54.
patron: a person who supports artists, especially financially
55.
Peace of Augsburg: a 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
56.
perspective: an artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface
57.
philosophes: social critics of France
58.
plebiscite: vote of the people
59.
printing press: a machine for reproducing written material by pressing paper against arrangements of inked type
60.
progress: society/humankind could be perfected
61.
prophet: a spiritually inspired leader or teacher believed to be a messenger from God
62.
Protestant: a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation
63.
Qing Dynasty: Manchu's empire in China
64.
Rajputs: sons of kings
65.
reason: absence of intolerance, bigotry, or prejudice
66.
Reformation: a 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the Pope's authority
67.
reformation: a 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope's authority
68.
Reign of Terror: Robespierre governed like a dictator
69.
Renaissance: a period of European history, lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world
70.
republic: a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the people
71.
Roman Catholic Church: the Christian Church that developed in 1054 A.D.
72.
salons: held by wealthy women in Paris; social gatherings in their large drawing rooms
73.
sans-culottes: "those without knee britches"
74.
Scientific Method: Question-Hypothesis-Experiment-Analyze-Interpret
75.
Scientific Revolution: new way of thinking about natural world
76.
secular: concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
77.
senate: in ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up of only aristocrats
78.
Sengoku: Warring States period
79.
separation of powers: division of power among different branches
80.
seppuku: ritual suicide of samurai
81.
Sikhs: nonviolent religious group, Buddhism/Hinduism/Sufism
82.
social contract: give up rights for law and order, people govern themselves
83.
sultan: "overlord" "one with power"
84.
Ten Commandments: the written law code, followed by Jews and Christians, given by God to Moses around 1200 B.C.
85.
Tennis Court Oath: Third Estate pledges not to leave a Tennis Court without a new constitution
86.
Tokugawa Shogunate: dynasty; empire; kingdom; founded by Ieyasu Tokugawa
87.
triangular trade: transatlantic trading network
88.
Utopia: an imaginary and described by Thomas Moore in his book- hence, an ideal place
89.
vernacular: the everyday language of people in a region or country
