Flashcards: Immunology H2
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Created by:
lhadleyhill on January 19, 2010
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 infectious diseases | diseases that can be transmitted and are caused by a pathogen |
| non-infectious diseases | diseases that cannot be transmitted and are caused by genetics, environment or diet |
| pathogen | any harmful microorganism like a bacteria or virus |
| airborne | passing a pathogen in the air through coughing or sneezing |
| direct contact | passing a pathogen by touching an infected person (like kissing) |
| indirect contact | passing a pathogen by touching an object (like sharing a glass of water) |
| vector | passing a pathogen by insect (mosquito/flea) that bites infected person and then bites a new person |
| bacteria | single celled microorganism that can reproduce by binary fission or conjugation |
| pili | small hairs of bacteria used for attachment and reproduction |
| flagella | long hairs of bacteria used for movement |
| coccus | spherical shaped bacteria |
| bacillus | rod shaped bacteria |
| spirilium | spiral shaped bacteria |
| binary fission | bacterial method of reproduction that produces two identical cells |
| conjugation | bacterial method of reproduction that produces genetically different cells |
| cell membrane | membrane of bacteria cell that allows food in/wastes out |
| cell wall | outside of bacteria cell that is for protection |
| protein coat | packaging around a virus' DNA |
| antigen | protein on the outside of a virus used for attaching and infecting the host cell |
| lytic cycle | virus reproduction method that results in host cell bursting open to release 100's of new viruses |
| lysogenic cycle | virus reproduction method that results in virus DNA merging into host cell's DNA |
| attachment | viral reproduction stage in which virus antigen attaches to host cell |
| entry | viral reproduction stage in which virus DNA is injected into host cell and host cell DNA is disabled |
| reproduction | viral reproduction stage in which virus takes over host DNA to manufacture and assemble new virus particles |
| lysis | viral reproduction stage in which the host cell bursts open to release new viruses |
| integration | virus reproduction stage in which virus DNA merges with host cell's DNA |
| cell reproduction | virus reproduction stage in which host cells reproduce and copy viral DNA along with their own DNA. Host feels no symptoms |
| Prokaryote | all cells that have DNA floating loose in the cytoplasm (no nucleus); example bacteria |
| Eukaryote | all cells that have their DNA contained inside a nucleus membrane; example animal and plant cells |
| virus | nonliving particle of DNA wrapped in a protein coat that requires a host cell in order to reproduce |
| 3 reasons viruses aren't alive | no metabolism (growth/eat/etc), no repro w/o host, not cellular |
| innate immune response | non-specific immune response that responds immediately to any pathogen |
| adaptive immune response | specific immune system that responds to each pathogen by producing specific antibodies and results in lasting immunity |
| first line of defense | barriers against pathogens |
| types of first lines of defense | skin, mucus & cilia, antiseptic body fluids |
| second line of defense | generic responses to pathogens after they have entered the body |
| types of second lines of defense | macrophage, natural killer T-cells, inflammation, fever |
| macrophage/phagocyte | WBC that circulate through the body and ingest any invading cell (bacteria, protozoa or fungi) |
| phagocytosis | when a macrophage surrounds and digests a pathogen |
| antiseptic body fluids | sweat, saliva, tears, that have enzymes that break down pathogens |
| mucus | sticky fluid in your nose and respiratory system that traps pathogens |
| cilia | small hairs in your respiratory system that push out mucus to be swallowed into the stomach or coughed out |
| skin | main barrier to pathogens that covers your body |
| inflammation | expansion of capillaries in response to histamines that draws in white blood cells |
| histamines | chemicals sent out by injured cells that result in inflammation |
| fever | the hypothalmus region of the brain increases body temperature to kill pathogens |
| natural killer T-cells | cells that circulate through the body and poke holes in any viral infected host cell or cancerous host cell |
| humoral immune response | part of your adaptive immune response that includes B cells producing antibodies |
| cell mediated immune response | part of your adaptive immune response that includes T cells becoming cytotoxic |
| B cell | WBC that produces antibodies as part of your adaptive immune response |
| Memory B cell | WBC that is stored and capable of antibody production in the event of a reinfection with the same pathogen |
| Helper T cell | part of the adaptive immune response that receives a antigen message from macrophage and the initiates B cell division |
| Antibody | protein created by the B cell that has is specifically shaped to cap an antigen on a single type of pathogen |
| Cytotoxic T cell | cell that is capable of destroying host cells infected by viruses during the cell mediated response |
| Memory T cell | Stored cell with memory of antigen that can become cytotoxic if a specific virus is reintroduced |
| Immunity | acquired, or induced resistance to infection by a specific pathogen |
| Active immunity | acquired immunity to a specific pathogen as a result of exposure to the antigen through vaccine or infection |
| Passive immunity | temporary resistance to infection by a specific pathogen due to injection or transfer of antibodies against that pathogen |
| Epidemic | sudden increase of infected person in a localized area |
| Pandemic | sudden increase of infected persons in a large area even world-wide |
| Endemic | consistent low grade level of infection in a population |
| Vaccine | damaged or destroyed pathogen that still contains the antigen and is given to induce an immune response |