| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Mutation | a change in DNA |
| Mutagen | an agent that causes mutations |
| Mutagens are: | Radiation, chemicals, viruses, natural causes |
| Natural Causes do what? | errors in replication |
| Types of Mutations: | Gene Mutations, Chromosome Mutations |
| Gene Mutation | involves a single nucleotide or many nucleotides but affect only one gene. |
| Chromosome Mutation | involves entire chromosome |
| Point Mutation | affects one codon only |
| Frameshift mutation | affects ever codon past the mutation |
| Deletion | a piece of a chromosome breaks off and is lost during crossing over |
| duplication | part of a chromosome breaks off and is incorporated into its homologous chromosome |
| translocation | a chromosome part breaks off and attaches to a different non homologous chromosome. |
| inversion | part of a chromosome breaks off turns around and reattaches in reverse order. |
| Monosomy | missing one chromosome in a pair |
| trisomy | having an extra chromosome in a pair |
| Trisomy 13 | Patau Syndrome |
| Trisomy 18 | Edward Syndrome |
| Nondisjunction | failure of chromatid pairs to separate in anaphase |
| Karyotype | procedure done to detect chromosome abnormalities |
| Step1 of Karyotype | Tissue sample is taken |
| Step 2 of Karyotype | Cells are grown in a flask for three days |
| Step 3 of Karyotype | Chemical is added to half cell division during metaphase |
| Step 4 of Karyotype | Chromosomes are photographed |
| Step 5 of Karyotype | Chromosomes are cut out and paired up by size, shape, and centromere location from largest to smallest. |
| Genetic Engineering | Process of isolating a gene from DNA of one organism and transferring it to the DNA of another organism; involves building. |
| Recombinant DNA | made from pieces of DNA from separate organisms |
| Genetic Engineering Step 1 | Cleaving DNA |
| Cleaving DNA | DNA containing the gene of interest is cut with restriction enzymes (from bacteria) which cut at particular sites. |
| Genetic Engineering Step 2 | Producing Recombinant DNA |
| Producing Recombinant DNA | using a vector such as a plasmid |
| Vector | Carries DNA into another cell |
| Plasmid | Circular bacterial DNA separate from main chromosome |
| Genetic Engineering Step 3 | Clone Cells |
| Clone cells | bacterial cultural is infected with those vectors and some take it in; those cells are isolated and allowed to reproduce. |
| Screening cells | bacterial cells now containing vectors are identified and isolated. |
| Gel Electrophoresis | used to separate DNA fragments for comparison |
| RFLP Analysis | restriction fragment length |
| Polymorphisms | fragment separation by gel electrophoresis producing DNA fingerprints unique to an individual |
| Polymerase | chain reaction simple way to amplify copies of a gene in unlimited numbers |
| Forensics | DNA fingerprints are used to identify criminals lay comparing crime scene DNA sample to that of suspects using electrophoresis |
| DNA samples: | blood, semen, saliva, hair |
Combine with other sets
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