American Studies I Honors Midterm
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Created by:
erifilidraklellis on January 24, 2010
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For Any ASI Honors Students In Mr. Luckenbill's or Ms. Montero's class.
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85 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 George Washington | 1st president, started the presidential cabinet and the two-term rule. voted into presidency unanimously. thought permanent alliances and long-standing parties were bad. wasn't a political party guy. wanted what was best for the country |
| Thomas Jefferson | First secretary of state, hated hamilton because his financial program was written in the Constitution. |
| Alexander Hamilton | First secretary of the treasury. his financial program called for the creation of the National Bank and wanted a tarriff, which people hated most. he didnt want to get out of debt because then the countries we owed money to wouldnt have a reason to protect us. argued with Jefferson that just because financial progrom wasnt in the constitiution didnt mean we couldnt do it. thought it was Necessary and Proper, which led to the Necessary and Proper Clause. |
| Henry Knox | Secretary of War |
| Bill of Rights | Gave people more rights, protects people from the government abusing their power |
| Whiskey Rebellion | people got mad about Hamilton's excise tax so they made whiskey illegally. Washington sent the military out to stop the rebellion. it showed people that our government had power to enforce its decisions. |
| Jeffersonian Republicans | pro french, pro south, pro farming, anti tarriff |
| Federalists | pro british, pro business, pro industry, higher tarriff, pro national bank |
| Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 | When the british and the french start fighting, we stay out of war. neutral. |
| Pickney's Treaty | called for free navigation on the Mississippi River |
| John Jay's Treaty | deals w/ Great Britain (GB). British had to pay for damages done to American ships in the Revolution and leave forts on US soil. But it never said that the British had to stop impressments or give up relations with Native Americans. The treaty helps to avoid war, but it doesnt give us all that we want. |
| Washington's Farewell | "Stay away from political parties, permanent alliances, and foreign treaties." |
| John Adams | 2nd Pres, 1796. Everyone hated him for what he did, but almost everything he did was to avoid war with France |
| Alien Act | Illegal Aliens were give citizenship after living in the US for 14 years |
| Sedition Act | "you cannot speak against our act out against government" |
| "Revolution of 1800" | People thought that there would be a violent power shift as the first Jeff Rep went into the White House (Jefferson). the "rev of 1800" marks a peaceful transition of parties. |
| Midnight Judges | as the Feds began to lose power in government because the Jeff Reps were slowly taking over, the Feds decided to entrench on their power by putting Feds in charge of Supreme Court |
| Marbury vs. Madison | court case about Midnight Judges. Establishes Judicial Review (supreme court has final say in declaring a law constitutional or unconstitutional) |
| John Marshall | Chief Justice of Supreme Court, in favor of strong central authority |
| Louisiana Purchase | doubles the size of the US. purchased from france for $15 million. More land = more power. Jefferson didnt want to expand because buying land wasnt in the constitution. It was necessary and proper, but he openly despised the clause. hypocritical. |
| Lewis & Clark | looked for pathways to pacific |
| Chesapeake Incident | British opened fire on our ship. Happened because british didnt like our opposition of impressments |
| Embargo Act | outlawed trade with all foreign countries. Jeff thought it would work, but US depended on trade. We really overestimated that we need Britain more than they need us. |
| War Hawks | young hot headed people who wanted to go to war w/ Britian for a second time. Henry Clay, famous war hawk |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | Tecumsah wanted all Indians to come together and fight the white man. signified that there was no hope for indians against whites. |
| Irish | came to US because of Potato Famine. worked in factories because they couldnt afford land in the south. they had to americanize quickly |
| Germans | DID buy land in the south right away, managed to keep their culture for a long time |
| Cotton Gin | 1790's. Made cotton industry efficient. Created newfound need for slaves |
| Factory System | created jobs and goods, specialization, people now going to work |
| Samuel Morse | telegraph |
| Cyrus McCormick | motor reaper |
| Elias Howe | sewing machine |
| Transportation Revolution | Helped us get to places faster. New Orleans became a huge port because of increased steam boat transportation. Railroads were good but very expensive and dangerous |
| Market Revolution | People started to buy things instead of make their own. Steady growth in wages and standard of living |
| War of 1812 | 2nd war with GB. we wanted canada. we were in war because of british impressments and their relations with natives. GB didnt respect us. war taught us that US could stand up to GB. no one was going to defeat the other |
| Fort McHenry | Major battle outside of baltimore. Inspired the star spangled banner |
| Battle of New Orleans | AFTER treaty of Ghent was signed. gave US upsurge of nationalism. Andrew Jackson became famous for this battle |
| Treaty of Ghent | treaty that ends war of 1812. tells us that war results in draw. only things settled were boundary disputes. |
| Rush-Bagot Agreement | agreement that both nations would limit amount of military ships on Great Lakes |
| American System | written by Henry Clay, protected businesses. called for three things. 1) higher tarriffs. 2) business could borrow $$ from Nat Bank. 3) improve transportation. Designed to improve. |
| Panic of 1819 | first financial depression. Main cause- bank was giving out too much money |
| McColloch vs Maryland, Cohens vs Virginia, and Gibbons vs Ogden | all decisions made by John Marshall and Supreme court. Pro federal government, anti state rights |
| Missouri Compromise | Written by Clay in 1820. trys to keep balance of Free and Slave states. establishes 36 30 line. Missouri becomes a slave state and Maine becomes a free state |
| FL Purchase Treaty of 1819 | We bought Florida because we forced Spain to give it to us. "Give us Florida or we kill you." |
| Monroe Doctrine | Monroe and Adams wrote it. stated "We're the kings of Western Hemisphere, leave us alone or we'll kill you." created nationalism. we were trying to isolate ourselves. |
| The "Corrupt Bargain" | Nickname for the Election of 1824 that resulted in a tie because there were a lot of candidates running and no one got 50% of the electoral vote. When an election results in a tie, the House of Representatives gets to decide on the winner. Clay was the speaker of the house, picked John Quincy Adams because he hated Jackson. Clay becomes sec of state, which is why everyone thinks the two had a bargain going on. Didn't matter because Jackson killed (in polls) JQA in Election of 1828 |
| The Spoils System | When you put supporters of your party into government positions. Jackson replaced 20% of his original cabinet. Shady people were given jobs and Jackson regretted putting them into positions. |
| Tariff of 1828 | raised tariffs, led to the Tariff crisis in South Carolina where they said "we'll nullify this law or we'll secede from the union" |
| South Carolina Exposition | Written by John C. Calhoun, all about states nullifying laws. |
| Nullification Crisis | Resulted from S.C. threatening to secede from the union unless they could nullify the tariff of 1828. Clay passed the Tariff of 1833, that promised to gradually decrease tariff rates until they were lowered to the rates in 1816. Jackson decided to override the Tariff of '33 to pass the Force bill, which stated that the president could use military forces to collect taxes. doesn't solve anything. |
| Worchester vs. Georgia | represents trail of tears issue with Cherokee. Jackson wanted the land that the Cherokee were on (Georgia) but Daniel Worchester thought it was unfair for them to lose their land because they had it first. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall sided with Worchester and forbid the removal of the natives from georgia. Jackson ignored it and did it anyway. |
| Andrew Jackson/ Bank War | Jackson hated the national bank, so he killed. metaphorically. he took out national funds from the bank and put it into wildcat banks when the charter ended in 1836. the wildcat banks were not reliable. Nicholas Biddle, head of Nat Bank, fought against Jackson but lost. |
| Specie Circular | fancy name for what Jackson tried to do to solve the economic problems |
| Whigs | Formed by Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun out of hatred for Andrew Jackson. Pro industry, pro christian, protestant, evangelical, Pro American System (because of clay, Nat bank, tariff, transportation, business), pro education, pro states rights (because of calhoun). Party failed quickly. really only opposed Jackson |
| American settlement in Mexican Texas | Americans went to Texas because the Mexicans were offering cheap land to the Americans. Americans went, but they complained that they had to become Roman Catholics and that slavery wasnt allowed |
| Unitarians | basically christians that were a little different. they only believed that there was one god, not three (father son holy spirit), it was a combo of christianity and deism (reason over revelation) |
| Second Great Awakening | largely just a number of christian things focused on revivalism. conservative churches became more upbeat and involved, people become more active in their faith. REVITALISTS. |
| Mormons | started by Joseph Smith, wrote the book of mormon. Brigham Young takes over and leads mormons to salt lake city. practiced polygamy (having more than one wife) |
| Tax Supported Education | where a community pays taxes for school. couples without children and wealthy families didnt like having to pay for poor childrens' school but it was necessary to educate voters and necessary for the future success of America essential |
| Dorthea Dix | prison and mental reform lady, rooted out problems and started to see reform in Mass, which led to reform in the world |
| Utopian communities | an area where perfection is being sought, very cooperative. everyone can come together and agree on things the have in common. the people in the communities shared an opinion of what perfection was |
| American Literature | the theme of american literature was sparked by nationalism |
| transcendentalists | led by Ralph Waldo Emerson, believed that knowledge came from within. thought people werent bad, society was making us bad. other religions thought people were bad and needed god to be good. |
| Henry David Thoreau | other leader in transcendentalism, wrote civil disobedience, which inspired MJK Jr and Ghandi to write other books called Civil Disobedience. |
| Seneca Falls Convention | First womens rights convention, first public call for womens right to vote. held in Seneca Falls NY |
| Cotton Kingdom | Cotton was huge in the US, more than 1/2 of American exports were cotton. the south produced more than half of the world's cotton. North benefited from cotton by trade. Southern farmers didnt like that traders made$$ off cotton too. |
| Southern Plantation System | huge and vital in the south. rich plantation owners, then middle class farmers, then slaves. Slaves did field work and housekeeping. Plantation owners hired others to do dangerous work because slaves were too valuable to lose. |
| Southern Whites | Most didnt own slaves because they couldn't afford any. |
| William Lloyd Garrison | Radical Anti Slavery person, wanted immediate emancipation of slaves. Wrote an anti slave newspaper called the Liberator |
| Manifest Destiny | America felt it was destined to expand west and become a coast to coast empire |
| John Tyler | 10th pres, took over for WHH. Was a democrat, but said was a whig because he hated Jackson. he was only on the ballot for southern vote |
| Aroostock War | War of words with Great Britain as a result of a territorial dispute over Maine |
| Webster-Ashburton Treaty | treaty that settled boundary dispute. gave 5/12 thousand sq. mi of land to GB, US got the other 7. and 65 sq mi of minnesota which hand the wassabi ore mine. (Iron on steriods) |
| Annexation of Texas | took long to annex because we didnt want slave issue. but we either had to bring them in and deal with it or risk GB taking them. |
| Oregon Boundary | US and GB. we offer 49th parallel line, GB wanted Colombia River cuz the land was useful. We didnt like that, so we told them "54, 40 or FIGHT!" which was the whole territory. Polk settled dispute by telling GB, "listen, we'll give you another shot, we dont want to go to war over OREGON!" GB settles for 49th parallel |
| Bear Flag Revolution | California settlers overthrow Mexican government and declared California a US territory |
| John Slidell | sent by Polk to offer Mexico money for California and all the land in between Cali and Mexico. It was an attempt at compromise and Mexico rejected it, feeling offended. |
| Mexican War | War with Mexico (DUH.) It was a decisive victory for US. Public reasons for going to war- dispute over Texas with Mexico and we wanted California. we didnt want to look like the aggressor, we egged on Mexico to attack us first and the did. Zachary Taylor defeated Santa Ana. Winfield scott conquered Mexico City |
| Wilmot Proviso | Congressman David Wilmot of PA wrote it, stated that all new territories of the Mexican Cession would be free from slavery. It would've led to more division and sectionalism. Although the bill was never passed, it was an issue the country was still divided on. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Ended the Mexican War. Gave the US the land of the Mexican Cession and settled the boundary dispute with Texas officially naming the border the Rio Grande River. We gave Mexico 15 million dollars because we didnt want them to feel bitter towards us because they were still our neighbors. |
| Popular Sovereignty | when the people of a territory decide on an issue, mainly slavery. brought up the question "Why dont we let the people decide?" |
| Compromise of 1850 | Clay wrote it. It was hoped to be the compromise to end slave issues. 1) Cali becomes a free state. 2) Harsher fugitive slave act. 3) Slave trade was banned in DC but after using popular sovereignty, slavery was still kept. 4) Texas will surrender New Mexico for 10 million dollars. 5) Utah and New Mexico will use popular sovereignty to determine their slave situations. |
| Fugitive Slave Law | Slaves were denied rights such as trial by jury. US can pass all the laws they want, but if a slave manages to make it to Canada or Mexico, nothing can be done. |
| Kansas Nebraska Act | passed by stephen douglass. he wanted chicago to be more popular, so he he decided to whip up an act for congress. "Nebraska Territory will be divided to be Kansas and Nebraska, and they'll use popular sovereignty to say yes or no to slavery." It may sound good, but it cancels out the Compromise of 1850 |
| Gadsdon Purchase/ Railroad | We bought 30.000 square miles from Mexico so we could build and easier route for the transcontinental railroad that we could avoid the Rockies. |
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