unit 5: cell growth, the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis
Order by
43 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cell | The simplest collection of matter that can live |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins |
| chromosome | A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus |
| cell division | The reproduction of cells |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome |
| sister chromatids | Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II |
| centromere | The centralized region joining two sister chromatids |
| interphase | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing |
| S phase | DNA synthesis occurs |
| M phase | also known as mitosis |
| cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm |
| prophase | The first subphase of mitosis, in which the chromatin is condensing and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleolus and nucleus are still intact |
| metaphase | The second subphase of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate |
| anaphase | The third subphase of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell |
| telophase | The final subphase of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun |
| centriole | A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern |
| centrosomes | Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center |
| mitotic spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis |
| cleavage furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate |
| cell plate | A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis |
| cell cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle |
| cancer cells | Do not have a properly functioning cell-cycle system; instead, they divide excessively and can invade other tissues of the body |
| tumor | A mass of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue, caused by the uncontrolled growth of a transformed cell |
| benign tumor | A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin |
| malignant tumor | A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs |
| metastasis | The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site |
| carcinoma | Cancer that originate in the external or internal coverings of the body |
| sarcoma | Cancer that arise in tissues that support the body, such as bone and muscle |
| leukemia | A type of cancer of the blood-forming tissues, characterized by an excessive production of white blood cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood |
| lymphoma | Cancer of the tissues that form white blood cells |
| somatic cell | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell |
| homologous chromosomes | Chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci |
| autosome | A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to a sex chromosome |
| sex chromosome | One of the pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual |
| diploid | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent |
| haploid | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n) |
| gamete | A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm |
| zygote | The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg |
| crossing over | The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I |
| chiasma | The X-shaped, microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis |
| genetic recombination | The general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents |
| karyotype | A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type |
| independent orientation | when the tetrads line up along the metaphase plate in metaphase I their orientation determines which chromosome will go into which cell |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.