| Term | Definition |
| population density | the average number of people living in a square mile or a square kilometer |
| peninsula | a land area nearly surrounded by water |
| plateau | a large raised area of mostly level land bordered on one or more sides by steep slopes or cliffs |
| tributary | a river or stream that flows into a larger river |
| navigable | wide and deep enough for ships to travel through |
| rain shadow | the area on the dry, sheltered side of a mountain, which receives little rainfall |
| steppes | the grasslands of fertile soil suitable for farming in Russia |
| tundra | a cold, dry, treeless region covered with snow for most of the year |
| permafrost | a permanently frozen layer of ground below the top layer of soil |
| loess | a type of rich, dustlike soil |
| hydroelectric power | the power generated by water-driven turbines |
| fossil fuel | a source of energy that forms from the remains of ancient plants and animals |