HD Ch 5
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27 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 neoplasm (tumor) | cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal body controls / unnecessary mitosis, lack function; atypical cells |
| nomenclature | named according to system |
| oma | benign |
| carcinoma | malignant epithelial tissue |
| sarcoma | malignant connective tissue |
| oncology | study of malignant tumors |
| benign | differentiated cells reproduce at high rate, encapsulated expands but doesn't spread, tissue damage from compression, ot fatal |
| malignant | undifferentiated non functioning cells, increase rate of cellular reproduction, tumor cells infiltrate surrounding tissue |
| pathophysiolgy | grow until hurt surrounding tissues by infeaction, necrosis, inflatmtion, depriving normal cells |
| necrosis and infection | growth may lose viability, die cause infection and more inflamation |
| infiltrate | cells break off and infiltrate other tissues |
| enlarge (angiogenesis) | by growing vascularity |
| graded 1 to 4 | 1 well differentiated similar to original to grade 4 undifferentiated with cells varying in size and shape highly malignagn and likely to progress quickly |
| warning signs | bleeding, discharge, change in powel/bladder, change in wart/mole, sosre that doesn't heal, weight loss, anemia, cough, solid lump |
| local effects | pain (direct presure, stretching of visceral capsule, inflamation, secondary causes: infection ischcemia, bleeding), obssturction, tissue necrosis or ulceration |
| systemic effects | wt loss and tissue wasting, anemia, infections, bleeding parneoplastic syndromes |
| blood | indicator of prolem also monitor effects of chemo radiation may result in thrombocytopenia, erythropenia and leukopenia |
| tumor markers | substances, enzymes antigens or hormones produced by malignant cells and circulating in the blood carcinoembryonic for colon cancer, human chorionic gonadotropin hCG for testicular ancer, allpha fetoprotein for hepatocellular cancer CA124 for ovarian cancer and prostate specific antige for prostate |
| x ray, ultrasound, MRI, CT | methods of examining changes in tissues or organs (radioisotopes may be incorporated to trace metabolic pathways and function |
| cytologic tests | (biopsy) screens high risk pt, confirm diagnoisis, follows clinical cousr, monitors changes |
| invasion | local spread where tumor cells grow into addjacent tissue and destroy normal cells. tumor cells are loosely attched to other cells and laso secret lytic enzymes that wbreak ddown tisue |
| mestasis | means spread to distant sites by blood or lymphatic channels. the tumor cells erode into a vein or lymphatic travel through the body adn eventually lodge ina hospitable environment to reproduce and create one or more secondary tumor |
| seeding | spread of cancer cells in body fluids or along membranes usualy in body cavitis, the tumor cels break away and travek easily with the movment of fluid and tissue (ovarian cancer) can be dislodged during excessive handling |
| staging | classification process for malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis |
| T | size of primary tumor |
| N | extent of involvement of reginal lymph notes |
| M | spread invasinor metastasis of the tumor |
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