1.
age structure: relative number of individuals at each age, an important demographic factor in present and future growth trends, can predict a population's growth trends, can illuminate social conditions and help us plan for the future
2.
carrying capacity: (K) the maximum population size that the environment can support
3.
clumped dispersion (star fishes): individuals aggregate in patches, may be influenced by resource availability and behavior
4.
cohort: group of individuals of the same age
5.
counties with highest life expectancy: japan, australia, canada, US ranks 49th
6.
Countries with highest populations: China, India, United States, Indonesia
7.
Countries with top growth rates: Maldives, United Arab Lmirates, Liberia, Ugunda
8.
Countries wtih lowest growth rates: Belarus, Swaziland, Russia, Latvia
9.
delta N / delta t = r max N: equation for exponential population growth
10.
delta N / delta t = rN: calculus expression of population growth at a particular instant in time, N= population size, t= time, r = per capita rate of increase (births- deaths)
11.
delta N/ delta t = r max N (K - N) / K: the logistic model growth
12.
Demographic Transition: the move from the first state of high birth and high death rates to the second state which is low birth and low death rates
13.
demography: the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time, study birth and death rates
14.
density: the number of individuals per unit of area or volume
15.
density dependent: birth rates and death rates rise with population density, an example of negative feedback that regulates population growth
16.
density independent: birth rate and death rate do not change with population density
17.
dispersion: the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
18.
ecological footprint: summarizes the aggregate land and water area needed to sustain the pople of a nation, one measure of how close we are to carry capacity, countries vary greatly in this
19.
emigration: the movement of individuals out of a population
20.
exponential population growth: population increase under idealized conditions, under these conditions, the rate of reproduction is at its maximum, cannot be sustained for long in any population
21.
factorws that affect density dependent population: competition for resources, territoriality, disease, perdation, toxic wastes, intrinsic factors
22.
human carrying capacity: uncertain, average estimate is 10 - 15 billion
23.
Human Population through History: increased relatively slowly until about 1650 then grew exponentially, still growing but began to slow during 1960s
24.
immigration: the influx of new individuals from other areas
25.
intrinsic rate of increase: the rate of reproduction is at its maximum
26.
J Shaped Curve: expontential population growth has this type of curve, iit characterizes some rebounding populations
27.
life table: age specific summary of the survival pattern of a population, best made by following the fate of a cohort
28.
logistic population growth: per capita rate of increase declines as carry capacity is reached
29.
Overshoot: when populations exceed K before settling down to a relatively stable density
30.
population: a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area
31.
population dynamics: focuses on the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in population size
32.
population ecology: the study of populations in relation to environment, including environmental influences on density, distribution, age structure, and population size
33.
Populations Growth Rate (per capita rate) =: birth rate - death rate
34.
random dispersion: position of each individual is independent of other individuals, occurs in the absense of strong attractions or repulsions, ex. dandelions in a field
35.
S Shaped Curve: the logistic model of population growth has this type of curve ex. growth of labratory paramecia
36.
States with highest population density: new jersey, rhode island, mass.... ohio ranks 9th
37.
states with lowest population density: alaska, wyoming
38.
survivorship curve: graphic way of representing the data in a life table
39.
territoriality: in many vertebrates and some invertebreats, compeition for territory may limit density. . ex cheetahs
40.
Type 1 Survivorship Curve (humans): low death rates during early and middle life, then an increase among older age groups
41.
Type 2 Survivorship Curve (squirrels): the death rate is constant over the organism's life span
42.
Type 3 Survivorship Curve (trees and salmon): high death rates for the young, then a slower death rate for survivors
43.
uniform dispersion: individuals are evenly distributed, may be influenced by social interactions such as territoriality ex. penguins
44.
US population: 308 millions
45.
World Population: 6.8 billion
46.
zero population growth: occurs when the birth rate equals the death rate
