1.
Battle of Peterloo: (1819) This battle, occurred in Manchester, England. It was more of a massacre than a battle; people had gathered to discuss political reform and spread new ideas, and were killed by government troops.
2.
Bentham: This British philosopher essentially founded Utilitarianism. This philosophy was based on the idea that all actions affect the happiness of others, and should be thought out accordingly, and everyone should do the best thing for the group.
3.
bourgeousie: These were the wealthy, educated members of the 3rd estate in France. They were part of the driving force behind the revolutions in France, because they had money but not power, so they used the common people's unhappiness to fuel a revolution against the 1st and 2nd estates.
4.
Carlsbad Decrees: Agreed upon by the leaders of all the German states, and proposed by Metternich, this was a set of rules to quash liberalism and nationalism. It set forth three strategies: censorship of written works, disbanding of student organizations along with government supervision in schools and universities, and an inquisition to find and punish anyone conspiring against the government.
5.
Charles Fourier: This borderline-socialist criticized the industrial capitalist system. He imagined a utopian society that would be divided into groups called "phalanxes". Some of his followers created "phalanxes" but they all failed.
6.
Chartism: This was a British working class movement for universal manhood suffrage, elected parliament and other democratic ideas. It began in 1838, lead by O'Connor, but failed to meet its goals, and ended after 1848.
7.
Communist manifesto: A pamphlet by Karl Marx with help from Friedrich Engels that examines the power struggle between classes. It takes the side of the "working men" and explains the goals of the Communists, which are to unite common people and abolish private property. The reason it gives for getting rid of property is that "in your existing society, private property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population." In general, it supports revolution and changes in the status quo.
8.
Congress of Vienna: (1815) This was when a group of political powers in Europe met to restore Europe to the "Old Regime," or the status quo that had existed before Napoleon's conquests. They also decided where borders were to be placed, shaping Europe to something similar to what it had been before Napoleon.
9.
Conservatism: This was a belief in the status quo, and generally held by those with power, such as monarchs and aristocracy. It also meant an emphasis on corporate and group success, as opposed to individual worth.
10.
Cornlaws of 1815: These controversial laws were created to prevent corn prices from plummeting after the Napoleonic wars. This affected Britain because they were big importers of corn, and needed a lot to feed their growing population. Thus, regulated prices were not in their best interest.
11.
David Ricardo: This British economist and member of Parliament, who was friends with John Mill, was an important economist who said that more than one nation could benefit from trade with one another. This contradicted mercantilist ideas that there was a finite amount of wealth, and nations could only profit by taking money away from one another. He influenced the ideas of Marx and John Mill.
12.
Delacroix: This French painter was important to French Romantic art. He often used his painting to convey a political message, and he is best known for his painting depicting the socialist revolution of 1830: Liberty Leading the People.
13.
difference between conservatism and liberalism: Conservatism in the 19th century meant belief in a corporate society and a goal of tradition and "organic growth". They believed in progress within the old system, as opposed to replacing the old with new entirely. Liberals, however, believed in individualism and aimed for more drastic progress and change, aspiring to perfect reason.
14.
German Confederation: Created at the Congress of Vienna, this was what the German states became after the fall of the Holy Roman Empire. The Austrians and Prussians both felt entitled to rule this conglomerate, which led to the Astro-Prussian War.
15.
Henri de Saint-Simon: Called the "father of French socialism", this liberal man believed in social organization rather than an individualist philosophy. He saw work and productivity as societal duty, and believed that in the future society could be organized so that the most productive members had the most power.
16.
Holy Alliance: A group of European monarchs who supported conservatism and wanted to bring religious values into politics. They did not have a great deal of power, but were symbolic of the status quo and old values.
17.
Hungarian revolution: A successful revolution in which the people of Hungary to establish a new government with Batthyany as their first Prime Minister. It was a relatively bloodless ordeal, as the terrifying demonstration convinced the former government to give in quickly. This began a war with the Austrian monarchy, whose royal governor the people of Hungary had overthrown.
18.
JMW Turner: This English painter specialized in landscapes. He reflected the changing political world in his art, which depicted dramatic and colorful scenes. He was a Romantic artist; before Romanticism, English art was primarily portraiture.
19.
John Mill: This liberal member of British parliament agreed with Utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham's philosophy. He wrote On Liberty, in which he bashes totalitarian governments and absolute monarchs.
20.
Laissez-faire: This is an economic and political theory in which the government is not involved in the economy. It was advocated by Adam Smith and was very different from the Mercantilism that most European countries practiced.
21.
Liberalism: This was a belief in individualism, progress, universal manhood suffrage, liberty and equality, generally held by
22.
Louis Blanc: This French historian believed that it was possible to make progress using the existing government (peaceful, smooth revolution). He was also important to the transitional government during the revolution of 1848.
23.
Louis Phillipe: This leader was elected to the French throne in 1830, effectively ending the Borbon line of rulers. He was unable to quash the socialist uprisings of 1848, and thus abdicated from the throne.
24.
Marxian Socialism: Based on Marxist ideas and the Communist Manifesto, this was the idea that the lower classes needed to fight the upper classes and eventually create a system in which society was built on industry and there was no private property.
25.
Metternich: This diplomatically skilled prince was the host of the Congress of Vienna. He facilitated negotiations, and succeeded in bringing an even balance of power to Europe. This meant that Poland became the Duchy of Warsaw, France was restored its independence under a monarch, the German Confederation was created, and what is now Belgium was given to Austria by the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
26.
Nationalism: This was pride in, and loyalty to, one's nation, which was awakened in the Napoleonic wars. Napoleon used French nationalism to motivate his soldiers, and this mentality was catching. In the German states, heads of states tried to quash nationalism, since they did not want to give up their power and become a united nation.
27.
potato famine: This catastrophic event was caused by a disease that spread among potato plants in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century. Because there was very little biodiversity among Irish potatoes, the devastating mold spread quickly and affected potato farms across the Irish countryside. Because Ireland was a very agricultural country, and very dependent on the potato (the main staple of a common person's diet), there was mass starvation and emigration. The flood of poor immigrants to the US and Great Britain meant an excess of cheap labor.
28.
proletariat: this was the group of people who worked and did not own property, whom Marx said should rise up and overtake the upper class
29.
Proudhon: This French Socialist said that everyone should only own what they personally produced. He felt strongly against the government and abhorred wealth and luxury.
30.
Quadruple Alliance: (1815) Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain made an alliance against France. These major powers were the ones who had defeated Napoleon, and wanted to assure the defeat of the French should they threaten other countries again
31.
Quintuple Alliance: (1818)- Once France had repaid the war indemnities from the Napoleonic wars, it rejoined the Quadruple alliance. At this point, the Bourbon monarchy had been restored, and so the monarchies all agreed to meet occasionally to discuss issues, like a form of United Nations council.
32.
reactionary: an extreme conservatism who wants to change things to the way they were in the past
33.
Reform Bill of 1832: This law was passed to give suffrage to middle class men, in order to prevent a civil war. It gave more power to those who had succeeded in the Industrial Revolution, but it did little to help the lower classes.
34.
Revolution of 1830: This was a socialist uprising in France that was put down by the government, and happened the same year the Borboun monarchy was replaced with Louis Phillipe.
35.
Romanticism: This was a style or movement that contradicted the ideas of the Enlightenment; it focused on emotions, not reason. A lot of different people and movements in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries fell into the category of Romanticism, such as Edgar Allen Poe and Delacroix.
36.
Sturm and drang: Also "Sturm unt Drang": this was a German literary movement focusing on the emotional, action-filled subjects, such as the individual's rebellion against society. It was similar to Romanticism in its focus on emotions, rather than reason.
37.
Tallyrand: A traitor and a turncoat, but also a survivor in many ways. This successful politician had power under the Old Regime, was an important advisor to Napoleon, and was able to rejoin the old-fashioned monarchs of Europe in the council of Vienna. He contributed to Napoleon's downfall by encouraging Russia to violate the Continental System, which led to Napoleon's invasion of Russia. As a result of his efforts, France was also included in the Congress of Vienna.
38.
Ten Hours Act of 1847: This was an important labor law in Britain. It prohibited women and children from working more than ten hours a day during the week and eight hours on weekends, which was a great improvement from the 16-hour days that many had been working before then.
39.
the Restoration: This was when the British monarchy was restored, after Cromwell's death and a short period of time under his incompetent son's rule. Charles II, son of Charles I who was executed in 1649, was given the throne. Under Cromwell and the Puritans, things like theatre and art had been suppressed, but they were now welcomed back. Women were now allowed to act in theatre, for the first time in English history. Puritanism declined in England, and the Scottish were allowed to be Episcopalian again.
40.
Utilitarianism: This was based on Jeremy Bentham's idea that everyone's actions affect the lives of others, and should be considered accordingly. Also, the greatest good for the greatest number is the only goal.
41.
Utopian socialism: This was the idea of creating an idyllic world through socialism, in which everything would be shared. This was not exactly communism, or Marxist Socialism, because people would still own personal property, and it did not advocate violence.
42.
William Wodsworth: This English poet wrote Romantic poems, which meant that they were not formal and did not conform to poetic rules; instead, they were spontaneous and emotional.
