DNA & Protein Synthesis Bio Test
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Created by:
survivor1012 on January 30, 2010
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 functions of DNA | store instrustions for building proteins; to be able to copy those instructions from 1 generation to the next |
| DNA's nucleotides | phosophate, sugar, a nitrogenous base |
| nitrogenous base | only part of DNA & RNA that changes |
| DNA's nitrogenous bases | Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Adenine (A), & Guanine (G) |
| pyrimidines | single ring nitrogenous bases; T & C |
| purines | double ring nitrogenous bases; A & G |
| Cytocine & Guanine | DNA's nitrogenous bases that can form 3 H-bonds |
| Adenine & Thymine | DNA's nitrogenous bases that can form 2 H-bonds |
| Grego Mendel | figured out what genes do & knew that existed |
| Thomas Hunt Morgan | found out that genes were on chromosomes in the 1900's |
| Fredrick Griffin | experimented with bacteria & gave evidence that proteins are not the genetic material |
| Avery, McCarthy, & McLoed | determined that DNA WAS tha genetic material in Griffin's experiment in 1994 |
| Hershey & Chase | found out that DNA is the genetic material in viruses |
| Erwin Chargoff | found out that A=T always & C=G always |
| Rosiland Franklin | took a picture of DNA using crystallography & found out that it was a double stranded helix |
| Maurice Wilkens | Franklin's advisor |
| James Watson & Francis Crick | stole Frankilin's picture and made a 3D model of DNA & won the nobel prize that should have been Frankiln's in 1953 |
| DNA replication | the process where a cell copies its DNA; makes 2 daughter molecules that have one old strand & 1 new strand |
| transcription | step 1 in building polypeptides; make a copy of DNA information -> into a complementary form of RNA |
| translation | srep 2 into building polypeptides; RNA is divided into codons & the codons "turn into" proteins (function of protein = function of DNA) |
| codon | 3 nitrogenous bases; 64 different _____; 1 specifies 1 amino acid |
| amino acids | 20 different types |
| RNA | a polymer built from nucleotides |
| RNA's nucleotides | phosophate, ribose, nitrogenous bases |
| RNA's nitrogenous bases | Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), & Uracil (U) -> same as T |
| messenger RNA | mRNA; brings instructions to rRNA (codons with U) |
| transfer RNA | tRNA; brings amino acids to rRNA; one end has an anticodon & other end has an amino acid |
| anticodon | 3 exposed nitrogenous bases |
| ribosomal RNA | rRNA; part of a ribosome |
| ribosome | has a binding site for mRNA & tRNA; makes sure everything is lined up correctly & that amino acids are correct |
| coding strand | RNA binds to this strand of DNA & copies it |
| noncoding strand | part of DNA that's not copied |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme that bind to DNA and separates the strands so RNA can copy the strand |
| promoter | the place where RNA polymerase latches onto DNA |
| terminator | the place where RNA polymerase leaves DNA |
| starting codon | AUG |
| stopping codons | UAA, UGA, UAG |
| proteins | polypeptides |
| polypeptides | proteins |
| initiation | first step in translation; when the mRNA & tRNA line up on the rRNA |
| elongation | 2nd step in translation; when different tRNA's line up with mRNA & amino acids are added to the chain |
| termination | 3rd step in translation; when a stop codon is reached on the mRNA, the chain of amino acids breaks free & all the parts of the ribosome detach from each other |
| subsitution | when one of mRNA's nitrogenous bases is changed to a different one; only affect 1 amino acid, but sometimes don't have any affect at all |
| "frame-shift mutation" | a version of deletion or insertion that changes all of mRNA's nitrogenous bases; effects every codon after that one |
| sense | amino acids are put together properly |
| nonsense | most amino acids are changed |
| misense | like substitution |
| bacteriophage | a virus that affects bacteria; has a capsid & genetic material inside the head that could be DNA or RNA; legs can't move & can't do anything on their own |
| capsid | yellow outside that's made from proteins |
| lytic cycle | virus injects its genes into cell & cell carries out instructions -> make more viruses & then kill itself |
| lysogenic cycle | virus injects genes into cell & then its DNA slices into the cells DNA; both DNA's are in the daughter cells too |
| enveloped virus | has viral DNA, glycoproteins, protein coat, & envelope |
| enveloped virus reproductive cycle | reproductive cell like lytic cycle |
| viral RNA | enveloped virus; the virus contains RNA |
| glycoproteins | enveloped virus; these stick to a cell & allow the cell to be infected |
| protein coat | enveloped virus; proteins in the virus that surround the RNA |
| envelope | enveloped virus; part of a different cells membrane |
| HIV virus | has glycoproteins & reverse transcription |
| HIV glycoproteins | gain entry in T-cells (white blood cells) |
| reverse transcription | an enzyme in HIV viruses that make DNA from RNA |
| retro virus | a virus that can slice its genes into a cells genes |
| plasmid | a small circular chunk of DNA; extra programming of the cell; gives cell characteristics |
| transformation | a bacteria cell picks up stray pieces of DNA & uses it |
| transduction | a bacteriophage injects its DNA into a bacteria cell & the bacteria cell uses it |
| conjugation | 2 bacteria cells join; one copies part of its DNA & gives it to the other cell; cells don't have to be the same type |
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