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political machines an organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government; controlled by bosses bosses corrupt political leaders who use bribery and favors to win votes and elections Spoils System gave jobs to loyal party supporters, even those who were not qualified William Marcy Tweed Tammany Hall boss who stole $200 million from city treasury; later convicted and died in jail Pendleton Civil Service Act law that set up a merit system controlled by the Civil Service Commission; merit system for federal jobs progressives reformers who wanted to improve society; wanted to solve problems such as crime, disease, poverty muckrakers journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business; wrote about child labor, discrimination, slum housing; Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffans Ida Tarbell muckraker who wrote articles attaking Standard Oil Company Robert La Follette wrote the Wisconsin Idea child labor children had to work many hours to help support their families; they worked in mills and factories working conditions long working hours, tragic accidents, injuries, low wages Florence Kelley led the progressive fight against child labor temperance abstinence from alcohol; Women's Christian Temperance Union (Frances Willard); 18th amendment, prohibition many women began ... attending college, entering proffessions, forming clubs suffrage women wanted the right to vote; later led to 19th Amend. in 1920 National American Woman Suffrage Association founded by Susan B Anthony and Eliz. Cady Stanton; tried to get vote for women Alice Paul foundede National Women's Party African American reformers Booker T Washington, WEB DuBois, Ida B Wells, W.E.B Du Bois started NAACP in 1909 American Indians were forced to still living on reservations where poverty and unemployment were high Chinese Americans faced discrimination and were banned for awile because of Chinese Exclusion Act Mexican Americans searched for economic oppurtunity in USA Progressive Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson Theodore Roosevelt R, 1901, 1904- took office as V.President after McKinley was shot; supported public opinion; wanted equal rights for all citizens; trustbuster; favored conservation; thought that there were "good" trusts and "bad" trusts; tried to eliminate "bad" trusts; New Nationalism; Bull Moose Party Square Deal 1903, Roosevelt's plan for the government to treat everyone fairly trustbuster Name describing T. Roosevelt for his attempts to breakup businesses hurting the public interest; Northern Securities Upton Sinclair wrote "The Jungle" to criticize the meat packing plants Pure Food and Drug Act 1906- banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of misabled or contaminated food and drugs conservation the protection of nature and its resources; supported by Roosevelt Gifford Pinchot chief forester who was fired by Taft National Park Service 1916- added new land and services for parks and recreation William Howard Taft R, 1908-1913 - felt that Roosevelt had taken too much presidential power; believed that the law, not public opinion, should guide the govt. and the president; replaced many of Roosevelt's cabinet members; tried to lower tariff rates; fired Pinchot Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909- lowered many tariffs but raised others New Nationalism called for a strong executive, more active business regulation, and additional social wellfare measures Woodrow Wilson D, 1912,1916- New Freedom; Underwood Tariff Act; Federal Reserve Act; Clayton-Antitrust Act; Federal Trade Commission New Freedom called for govt. action against monopolies to protect free enterprise Underwood Tariff Act 1913- led to very low tariff rates Federal Reserve Act 1913- created a national banking system called the federal reserve Clayton-Antitrust Act 1914- made federal laws against monopolies stronger Federal Trade Commission 1914- could review company records and look into business practices