Muscular System
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Created by:
buttmonkey on January 31, 2010
Subjects:
Human Anatomy & Physiology - 9 th Edition
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60 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 CYTOKINESIS | Division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided |
| ARRECTOR PILI | Tiney, smooth muscles attached to hair folicles, which cause the hair to stand upright when activated |
| EPIDERMIS | The outter layers of the skin - epithelium |
| EPITHELIUM | One of many primary tissues; covers the surface of the body & lines the body cavities, ducts, & vessels |
| AXEL SKELETON | Bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body |
| Functions of Bones | Muscles whose atctions is dorisiflexes & omversopm / inverts the foot is : (Tibialis Anterior) |
| MUSCLES TYPES | CHAPTER 6 |
| CARDIAC MUSCLE | Specialized muscle of the body/walls of the heart. {this type is cardiac, stiated, & involuntart - pumping blood to the heart} |
| SKELETAL MUSCLE | Muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscles(s) attached to the body's skeleton; {skeletal, striated, & voluntary}. |
| SMOOTH MUSCLE | Muscle consisting of spindle shaped, unstriped {nonstriated} muscle cells; {involuntary muscle / we cannot consciously control it} & moves food. |
| MUSCLE FIBERS | Muscle cells. Ability of muscle to shorten or contract. |
| PREFIXES | myo - & mys {muscle} & sacro {flesh} these are being referred to: in the muscle cells the cytoplasm is called "sacroplasm." |
| SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS | Skeletal muscle fibers are huge, cigar shaped, multinucleate cells. They are the largest of the muscle fiber types, hard working muscles, such as the antigravity muscles of the hip. |
| STIRATED MUSCLE | Muscle consisting of cross - striated {Cross strippe} muscle fibers; includes cardiac & skeleton muscle. {key words; skeletal, striated, & voluntary. |
| ENDOMYSIUM | Several sheathed muscle fibers are then wrapped by a ccoarser fibrous membrane called a "Perimysiym" . |
| PERIMYSIUM | Forms a bundle of biberscalled a "Facicle" that are bounded by an even tougher "overcoat' of connective tissue called an "epimysium. |
| EPIMYSIUM | Epimysium covers the entire muscle & blend either into the strong, cordlike "tendons" or into sheetlike "aponeuroses. |
| APONEUROSES | Attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue coverings. |
| SARCOLEMMA | Many oval nuclei can be seen just beneath the plasma membrane, which is called the "Sarcolemma" in muscle cells. The nuclei are pushed aside by long ribbonlike organelles.{cell membrane} |
| MYOFILAMENTS | Two types of threadlike protein "myofilaments" within each of our "boxcar" sarcomeres. The larger "Thick Filaments, also called "myosin filaments" are made mostly of bundled molecules of the protein "Myosin, but they alos contain ATPase enzymes, which splitATP to generate the power for muscle contraction. |
| THIN FILAMENTS | Are composed of the contractile protein call "actin" When contraction occurs & the actin - containing filaments slide toward each other into the center of the "sarcomeres", these light zones disappear because the actin & myosin filaments are completely overlapped. |
| THIN FILAMENTS | Thin filaments, alos called actin filaments, are anchored to the Z disc {a disclike membrane}. The light I band includes parts of two adjacent sarcomeres & contains only the thin filaments. |
| NERVE STIMULUS & THE ACTION POTENTIAL | HOW THEY WORK |
| MOTOR UNIT | Each motor unit consists of a motor neuron & all the muscle fibers it activates. |
| A | Portions of two motor units are show. The motor neurons reside in the spinal cord, & their axons extend to the muscle. Withing the muscle, each axon divides inot a number of axon terminals, distributed to muscle fibers scattered throughout the muscle. |
| AXON TERMINALS - A | Axon terminal of a motor neuron forming a neuromuscular junction with a muscle fiber. |
| B | The axon terminal contain vesicles filled with the neurotransmitter acetylcholin {ACh}, which is released when the nerve impluse reaches the axon terminal. The sarcolemma is highly invaginated (folded) adjacent to the synaptic cleft, and acetylcholine receptors are present in these folds. |
| C | Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft & attaches to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma, initiating changes in the electrical condition of the sarcolemma. |
| CONTRACTION OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE as a WHOLE | In skeletal muscles, the "all -or none" law of muscle physiology applies to the muscle cell, not to the whole muscle. Muscle cell will contract to its fullest extent when it is stimulated adequately; it never partially contracts. However, the whole muscle reacts to stimuli with "graded responses", or different degrees of shortening. |
| MUSCLE TWICHES | {Single brief, jerky contractions}. when the muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen & the contractions are completely smooth & sustained, the muscle is said to be in {"fused" or "complete, tetanus}, or in tetanic contraction. |
| ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION | Direct phosphorylation of ADP by reaction with creatine phosphate {CP}. Energy source: {CP}. Oxygen use: none. Products: 1 ATP per CP, creatine. Duration of energy provision: 15 seconds |
| CREATINE PHOSPHATE [CP] | Direct phosphorylation of ADP by reaction with creatine phosphate (CP). Energy source: CP. Oxygen use: None. Products: 1 ATP per CP, creatine. Duration of energy provision: 15 seconds. |
| AEROBIC RESPIRATION | Energy sources: glucose; pyruvic acid; free fatty acids form adipose tissue; amino acids from protein catabloism. Oxygen use: Required. Products: 36 ATP per glucose, CO2 H20. duration of energy provision: Hours |
| ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS & LACTIC ACID FORMATION | Energy source: Glucose. Oxygen use: None. Products: 2 ATP per glucose, lactic acid. Duration of energy provision: 30 seconds. |
| MUSCLE FATIGUE | if we exercise our muscles strenuously for a long time; "Muscle Fatigue" occurs & is unable to contract even though it is still being stimulated. Muscle fatigue is believed to result from the "Oxygen Deficit" that occurs during prolonged muscle activity. |
| MUSCLE TONE | Partial; When a muscle is voluntarily relaxed, some of its fibers are contracting. Their contraction is not visible.State of continuous partial contractions is called "Muscle Tone". |
| Types of Body Movements | See Below |
| ORGION & INSERTION | Orgin, is attached to the immovable or less movable bone. Insertion is attached to the movable bone. |
| FLEXION | Flexion & extension of the shoulder & knee. |
| EXTENSION | Flexion, extension, & hyperextension of the head. |
| ROTATION | Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis. Common movement of "Ball 7 socket joints & describes the movement of the atlas around the dens of the axis(as in shaking your head no). |
| ABDUCTION | Away from the midline,of the body. (generally on the frontal plane or median plane). |
| ADDUCTION | Toward. Adduction is the opposite of abduction, so it is the movement of a limb toward the body midline. |
| PRIME MOVER | When a prime mover is active, its antagonist is stretched & relaxed relaxed.Antagonist can be prime movers in their own right. The biceps of the arm {prime mover of elbow flexion} is an tagonized by the triceps { a prime mover of elbow extension}. |
| DIRECTION OF THE MUSCLE FIBERS | Imaginary line, usually the midline of the body or the long axis of a limb bone. |
| RELATIVE SIZE OF THE MUSCLE | Maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), & longus are often used in the names of muscles - the gluteus maximus is the largest muscle of the gluteus muscle group. |
| LOCATION OF THE MUSCLE | The temporalis & frontalis muscles overlie the temporal & frontal bones of the skull. |
| NUMBER OF ORIGINS | Biceps, Triceps, or Quadriceps forms part of muscle name. The biceps muscle of the arm has 2 heads, or origins, and the triceps muscle has 3. Quadriceps has 4. |
| LOCATION OF THE MUSCLE'S ORIGIN & INSERTION | The sternocleidomastoid muscle has its origin on the sternum (sterno) & clavicle (cleido) & inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. (Ear) |
| SHAPE OF THE MUSCLE | The deltoid muscle is roughly triangular (deltoid means "triangula"). |
| ACTION OF THE MUSCLE | The adductor muscles of the thigh all bring about its adduction, & extensor muscles of the wrist all extend the wrist. |
| ARRANGEMENT OF FASCICLES | See Types Below |
| CIRCULAR | Orbicularis muscles surrounding the eyes & mouth |
| CONVERGENT MUSCLE | Muscle is triangular or fan-shaped, such as the pectoralis major muscle of the anterior thorax. |
| PARALLEL | The fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. |
| PENNATE | Short fascicles attached obliquely (Angle) to a central tendon. The extensor digitorum muscle of the leg. Fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon and muscle is "unipennate". Fascicles that inset into opposite sides of the tendon or from several different sides, the muscle is "bipennate or "multipennate. |
| MUSCLES OF THE HUMERUS THAT ACT ON THE FOREARM | See Below |
| BICEPS BRACHII | [Arm] -Scapula of shoulder girdle. Proximal radius. Flexes elbow & supinates forearm |
| BRACHIALIS | [Arm]Distal humerus. Proximal Ulna. Flexes elbow,. Abducts arm. |
| BRACHIORADIALIS | Forearm, (weak muscle that arises on the humerus & inserts into the distal forearm). |
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