social psych ch.3 - Social Beliefs and Judgments
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22 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 priming | activating particular associations in memory |
| belief perseverance | persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives |
| misinformation effect | incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of an event, after witnessing the event and receiving misleading information about it |
| controlled processing | "explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious |
| automatic processing | "implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to intuition |
| overconfidence phenomemnon | the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy on one's beliefs |
| confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions |
| heuristic | a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments |
| representativeness heuristic | the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belonds to a particular groups if resembling (representing) a typical member (e.g. Anna is a doctor AND a feminist vs. Anna is a doctor) |
| availability heuristic | a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be comonplace |
| counterfactual thinking | imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't (e.g. just missed the bus --> what if I hadn't retied my shoe?) |
| illusory correlation | perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists |
| illusion of control | perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are |
| regression toward the average | the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average |
| misattribution | mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source |
| attribution theory | the theory of how people explain others' behavior; for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations |
| dispositional attribution | attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits |
| situational attribution | attributing behavior to the environment |
| fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior (also called correspondence bias, because we so often see behavior as corresponding to a disposition) |
| self-awareness | a self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment (e.g. stock market crashes, teacher favorites) |
| behavioral confirmation | a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations |
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