Chapter 24 Flashcards
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Second Industrial Revolution | Closed the gap between industrial growth in England and on the continent and was associated with steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil |
| Bessemer | Invented new process for cheaply making large amounts of steel |
| Solway process | Replaced Leblanc process of alkali production, more recovery of chemical byproducts, increased production of sulfuric acid and laundry soap |
| Daimler | Put the internal combustion engine on four wheels making first automobile |
| electricity | most significant change for industry, most versatile and transportable energy source ever invented |
| Ford | Made cars affordable to large numbers of people |
| unemployment | word coined during 19th century |
| Bicycles | First mass-produced machines for individual travel |
| Dunlop | Invented pneumatic tire |
| Michelin | brothers who introduced the inner tube |
| bloomers | trousers worn under skirts |
| Smith | Owned reailway newstands in England and was made a mamber of the house of lords |
| Krupp family | family which was a pillar of the German state |
| petite bourgeoisie | "white-collar" workers of the lower middle class, included secretaries, retail clerks and lower-level bureaucrats |
| Paris | most famous and extensively redesigned city |
| Napoleon III | Became determined to remodel Paris |
| Haussmann | Appointed by Napoleon III to head the reconstruction of Paris |
| metro | French subway system built in 1895 |
| Eiffel Tower | Originally built for trade exposition center which symbolized the impact of the middle class and steel |
| Basilica of the Sacred Heart | Built on Montmartre as an act of national penance for sins which led to losing the Franco-Prussian War |
| Suburbs | housed families whose breadwinners worked in nearby cities |
| Cholera | Disease which spread in epidemics through 1830s-40s catching the middle class's attention |
| Miasmas | Were believed to spread disease, marked by foul odors |
| Albert Embankment | Built along the Thames, thick walls of concrete and granite housing sewers, gas, and water pipes |
| Public Health Act of 1848 | British law which introduced new limits on private life for the sake of public health |
| Melun Act of 1851 | French health law |
| Pasteur, Koch, Lister | Made discoveries leading to bacterial theory and increased cleanliness in cities |
| Simon | Saw good housing as leading to good family life and in turn patriotism |
| Housing reform | solution of middle-class reformers to dangers of slums |
| Married Woman's Property Act | British law which in 1882 allowed married women to own their own property |
| Divorce | Difficult to attain across europe |
| Court of Matrimonial Causes | Allowed people to procure divorce with some difficulty in Britain |
| Italy | More open to female students and instructors than any other European country |
| Zurich | University which many Russian women attended to study for medical degrees |
| Schoolteaching | Became seen as a feminine job because it required nurturing children |
| putting-out system | System of clothing production in which the manufacturer bought fabric and gave it to workers to tailor in their own homes or smaller sweatshops |
| Prostitution | Many women had to resort to this to survive because of overcrowded labor force and low wages |
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