Psych Vocab chapter 12
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49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Archetypes | According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning. |
| Behaviorism | A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior. |
| Collective unconscious | According to Jung, a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past. |
| Collectivism | Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to. |
| Compensation | According to Adler, efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities. |
| Conscious | Whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time. |
| Defense mechanisms | Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt. |
| Displacement | Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target. |
| Ego | According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. |
| Extraverts | People who tend to be interested in the external world of people and things. |
| Factor analysis | Statistical analysis of correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables. |
| Fixation | According to Freud, failure to move forward from one psychosexual stage to another as expected. |
| Hierarchy of needs | Maslow's systematic arrangement of needs according to priority, which assumes that basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused. |
| Hindsight bias | The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out. |
| Humanism | A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. |
| Id | According to Freud, the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle. |
| Identification | Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group. |
| Incongruence | The degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience. |
| Individualism | Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships. |
| Introverts | People who tend to be preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences. |
| Model | A person whose behavior is observed by another. |
| Negative reinforcement | The strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus. |
| Observational learning | A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. |
| Oedipal complex | According to Freud, children's manifestation of erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent. |
| Personal unconscious | According to Jung, the level of awareness that houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten. |
| Personality | An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits. |
| Personality trait | A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. |
| Phenomenological approach | The assumption that one must appreciate individuals' personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior. |
| Pleasure principle | According to Freud, the principle upon which the id operates, demanding immediate gratification of its urges. |
| Preconscious | According to Freud, the level of awareness that contains material just beneath the surface of conscious awareness that can easily be retrieved. |
| Projection | Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. |
| Projective tests | Psychological tests that ask subjects to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects' needs, feelings, and personality traits. |
| Psychodynamic theories | All the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud that focus on unconscious mental forces. |
| Psychosexual stages | According to Freud, developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality. |
| Rationalization | Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior. |
| Reaction formation | Behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings. |
| Reality principle | According to Freud, the principle on which the ego operates, which seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found. |
| Reciprocal determinism | The assumption that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence each other. |
| Regression | A reversion to immature patterns of behavior. |
| Repression | Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious. |
| Self-actualizing persons | People with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth. |
| Self-concept | A collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior. |
| Self-efficacy | One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. |
| Self-enhancement | Focusing on positive feedback from others, exaggerating one's strengths, and seeing oneself as above average. |
| Self-esteem | A person's overall assessment of her or his personal adequacy or worth. |
| Self-report inventories | Personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior. |
| Striving for superiority | According to Adler, the universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges. |
| Superego | According to Freud, the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong. |
| Unconscious | According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior. |
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