1.
2. In which layer is the epidermis is melanin made? By which cell type?: It is made in the STRATUM BASALE by melanocytes
2.
Albinism: Hair is white, skin is pale, and irises of eyes are pink: due to an inherited recessive gene, which results in melanocytes being incapable of producing any melanin.
3.
Basal cell carcinoma: originates in the Stratum Basale
4.
Do stretch marks originate from damage to the epidermis, dermis or hypodermis?: The dermis
5.
In which layer are new cells made?: The Stratum Basale, which is mitotically active.
6.
In which layer do cells start to die?: The Stratum Granulosum
7.
Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood because of abnormal liver function.
8.
Malignant Melenoma: Arises from melanocytes and is the MOST DEADLY
9.
Squamous cell carcinoma: originates from the keratinocytes of the Stratum Spinosum.
10.
Stratum basale: is the deepest layer and is mitotically active. Containing three types of cells
11.
Stratum Corneum: Most superficial layer. Thickness is few to 30 layers thick depending on area of the body. Comprised only of dead keratinocytes to be sloughed off by abrasion of skin.
12.
Stratum Granulosum: 3rd layer has 3 -5 layers of keratinocytes. Organelles begin to degrade and cytoplasm fills with concentrated keratin filaments.
13.
Stratum Lucidum: thin translucent region 2 -3 layers thick and present on thick skin such as soles of feet and palms of hands. Cells are devoid of organelles but filled with ELEIDIN, which is tougher and transparent
14.
Stratum Spinosum: Second layer where daughter cells from the stratum basale differentiate into non-dividing highly specialized keratinocytes
15.
Vasoconstriction: the diameter of the blood vessels narrows so less blood travels to the periphery of the body keeping the body warm.
16.
Vasodilation: the diameter of the blood vessels increases allowing more blood to reach the periphery of the body. Cooling it at the same time.
17.
What are the 7 functions of the integument system?: Protection, Prevention of water loss, Temperature regulation, Immune defense, Sensory reception, Excretion & Secretion
18.
What are the components of hair papilla: Connective tissue, Nerves and blood vessels
19.
What are the epidermal derivates of the integument system?: Nails, Hair, Sweat and Sebaceous Glands
20.
What are the six functions of hair: Protection, Heat retention, Facial Expression (eyebrows), Sensory reception, Visual identification, Chemical signal dispersal
21.
What are the three cell types in the STRATUM BASALE?: Keratinocytes, Tactile Cells, Melanocytes
22.
What are the two types of exocrine glands in the skin?: Sweat glands and sebaceous glands
23.
What are the two types of sweat glands?: Merocrine glands, Apocrine glands
24.
What do you monitor to increase your chances of early skin cancer detection?: You monitor your moles to see if they change color, shape or size.
25.
What does the erector pili muscle do: Responds to emotional states such as fear or anger and exposure to cold temperatures
26.
What is the actively growing part of the nail?: The Nail Matrix
27.
What is the function of the hypodermis: Pads and protects the body and its parts, and acts as an energy reserve, and provides thermal insulation.
28.
What is the purpose of the dermal papillae and epidermal ridges?: They interlock with each other, providing an increase in the area of contact between the epidermis and the dermis by connecting the layers
29.
What makes nails hard?: The Stratum Corneum layer of the epidermis
30.
What three pigments determine the color of your skin?: Melanin. Hemoglobin, Carotene
31.
What type of connective tissue does the papillary layer of the dermis primarily consist of?: Areolar connective tissue
32.
What type of connective tissue dominates in the reticular layer of the dermis: Dense irregular connective tissue.
33.
What types of CT make up the hypodermis: Areolar and Adiose connective tissue.
34.
When does the epidermis have 5 layers instead of four? What is the name of the extra layer?: In thick skin on the plantar's and palmers, the extra layer in this region is called the "Stratum Lucidum".
35.
Where are sebaceous glands located? What do they release? What is their purpose? At what age do they become active?: In the axillary and pubic regions. Releases sebum and prevents hair and skin from becoming dry or brittle, At puberty
36.
Where are the merocrine glands primarily located? What do they release? What controls the release of their substance? What are their primary functions: Palms of hands and feet, Extra water and electrolytes, The nervous system, Thermoregulation, secretion and protection.
37.
Where do the apocrine glands release their substance? Why do their secretions lead to body odor?: In the axillary and pubic regions, onto hair follicles. They release lipids and proteins, which promotes bacteria growth thus body odor.
38.
Where does the hair follicle originate? What kind of cell is hair made from?: From the hypodermis and it's made from keratinized cells
39.
Which layer has living keratinocytes and dentrictic cells?: The Stratum Spinosum
40.
Which pigment helps protect DNA from UV radiation?: Melanin - protects DNA from UV radiation
