GRE Psychology Test: Language (FOR GAME PLAYING)
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 language | the meaningful arrangement of sounds |
| psycholinguistics | the study of the psychology of language |
| phonemes | sounds that make up words but have no meaning |
| morphemes | words or parts of words that have meaning; the smallest unit of meaning in language |
| phrase | a group of words that function when put together as a single syntactic part of a sentence |
| syntax | the arrangement of words into sentences as prescribed by a particular language |
| grammar | the overall rules of the interrelationship between morphemes and syntax |
| morphology or morphological rules | grammar rules; how to group morphemes |
| prosody | tone inflections, accents, and other accepts of pronunciation that carry meaning |
| Chomsky | most important figure in psycholinguistics |
| Chomsky | developed theory of TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR |
| Chomsky | developed theory of LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE |
| deep structure | the underlying meaning of words |
| surface structure | the way words are organized |
| transformational grammar | differentiates between surface structure (organization of words) and deep structure (underlying meaning of words) |
| Language Acquisition Device | Chomsky's idea of innate language acquisition positing that children have inborn ability to adopt generative grammar rules of the language they hear, they only need be exposed to language in order to apply this |
| overregulation | overapplication of grammar rules; "I founded the toy," "I love eating toasts" |
| overextension | generalizing with names of things done through characteristics and not logic; a child calling all furry things "doggie" |
| telegraphic speech | speech without articles or extras, similar to how it may appear in a telegram; "me go" |
| holophrastic speech | when a child uses one word to convey a whole sentence; "me!" meaning "give that to me" |
| girls | _________ are faster and more accurate with language learning (girls or boys) |
| bilingual children | _________ are slower at language learning |
| reading and writing | _________ and _________ are processed in the same regions of the brain as producing and understanding speech |
| alexia | the inability to read |
| agraphia | the inability to write |
| True | True or False? People who have alexia may have no problems speaking or understanding speech. |
| Nouns | children usually use _______ first. |
| one noun and one verb | Children usually speak this pattern as their first phrases: _________________ |
| one year | time when a child first speaks word(s) |
| two years | time when a child speaks >50 words, usually in two-three word phrases |
| three years | time when a child speaks ~1,000 word vocabulary, but has many grammatical errors in use |
| four years | time when a child's grammar problems when using language are random exceptions |
| Whorf | studied Hopi language |
| Whorf | posited the Whorfian hypothesis |
| Whorf | posited that how a culture says things influences a culture's perspective |
| whorfian hypothesis | idea that how a culture says things and uses language influences a culture's perspective |
| nonsexist language | the whorfian hypothesis is often used to support the argument for _________________ |
| Hopi | Benjamin Whorf studied this language: __________ |
| Roger Brown | research found that children's use of grammar proceeds through the formation of hypothesis about syntax and then self-correction with experience |
| Katherine Nelson | found that language begins to develop with onset of ACTIVE SPEECH, rather than during first year of only listening |
| Nelson | this psycholinguistic discovered that baby's language development doesn't occur during their first year of life, when they are only listening |
| Labov | studied "Black" English (Ebonics) |
| Labov | found that Ebonics has a complex internal structure and isn't just incorrect English |
| Vygotsky and Luria | Russia's best known psycholinguistics |
| Vygotsky and Luria | found that word meanings are altered by interpersonal experience |
| Vygotsky and Luria | asserted that language is a tool involved in (and not merely a byproduct of) the development of ABSTRACT THINKING |
| Osgood | created SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL CHARTS |
| Osgood | research found that subcultures form different connotations (implied meanings) of words |
| Connotation | Osgood's SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL CHARTS research showed the existence of _______________ for subcultures |
| connotation | implied meaning of a word, shared by subcultures, as shown through Osgood's Semantic Differential Chart research |
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