| Term | Definition |
|---|
| applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. |
| basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. |
| behaviorist | a psychologist who studied the basic elements of conscious mental experiences |
| biopsychosocial approach | an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. |
| clinical psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. |
| cognitive | having to do with the process of thinking and understanding |
| counseling psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being. |
| developmental psychologist | psychologist who studies physical, emotional, cognitive, and social changes that occur over a lifetime |
| dualism | Some thinkers popularized ____, the idea that the mind and body are separate and distinct. |
| educational psychologist | psychologist who researches topics related to intelligence, memory, problem solving, and motivation with the goal of helping students learn more effectively |
| empiricism | the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment. |
| experimental psychologist | psychologist who studies topics such as sensation, perception, and learning in controlled laboratory environments |
| functionalism | a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. |
| humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth. |
| hypothesis | an assumption about behavior tested through scientific research |
| insights | Understanding psychology can provide useful _____________into behavior. |
| Ivan Pavlov | identified conditioned reflexes. |
| levels of analysis | the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon. |
| natural selection | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. |
| nature-nurture issue | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. |
| psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy |
| psychoanalyst | a psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior |
| psychobiologist | a psychologist who studies the effects that physical and chemical changes have on behavior |
| psychology | the study of behavior tested through scientific research |
| scientific method | a general approach to gathering information and answering questions that minimizes errors and bias |
| Sigmund Freud | is associated with psychoanalysis. |
| Sir Francis Galton | based his theory of inheritable traits on biographies. |
| structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. |
| structuralist | a psychologists who analyzes observable behavior and studies conditioning and reinforcement |
| theory | a complex explanation of phenomena based on findings from scientific research |
| Wilhelm Wundt | is the acknowledged founder of psychology as a separate field of study. |
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