Biochem Exam 2

Terms	Definitions
succinyl-Coa	intermediate in krebs cycle, synthesized from alpha-ketoglutarate
histadine	essential, made into a-ketoglutarate
phospholipase	release FA, A1- acyl chain, A2-arachidonic acid, B-SN1 and SN2, C-cleaves before the phosphate to release diacylglycerol, D-cleaves after the phosphate to release phosphatidic acid and an alcohol
porin	the tiny water-filled pores in the outer membrane. they are formed by proteins and are the site that allows the nutrients to pass through.
leucine	essential, non, polar, created from pyruvate, and made into acetyl CoA and/or acetoacetate
hydroxylase	introduces an OH and oxidized the molecule
phosphodiesterase	This enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of cyclic AMP to 5'-AMP. Therefore if you inhibit this enzyme, levels of cyclic AMP will remain elevated and protein kinase activity will also be increased. (beta receptor agonism)
peripheral membrane protein	A protein associated with one of the surfaces of a biological membrane
integral membrane protein	A protein embedded in the lipid bilayer of a cell. These are typicallly cell surface receptors, channels, or pumps.
lyase	enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation
proteasome	A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin.
hexosaminidase	hydrolysis of N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residue
serine	nonessential, polar, made to pyruvate
proline	nonessential, polar, converted to a-ketoglutarate
valine	derived from pyruvate, essential, nonpolar, converted to succinyl coa
isomerase	Catalyzes intramolecular rearrangements. Many common names
dehydrogenase	an enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction during which one or more hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule
methionine	derived from aspartate, essential, nonpolar, converted to succinyl coa
oxygenase	an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen
insulin	Hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when stimulated by elevated glucose levels. This hormone decreases blood sugar levels by accelerating the transport of glucose into the body cells where it is oxidized for energy or converted to glycogen or fat for storage.
Aspartate	negative charge, nonessential, converted to oxaloacetate
glutamate	neg, nonessential, converted to a-ketoglutarate
kinase	an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups
transferase	Catalyzes transfer of groups between molecules. amino acids or phosphorylates generally
desaturase	enzyme that removes two hydrogen atoms to create a double bond
Major Facilitator Super family of secondary transporters	glucose transporters are part of this group
tryptophan	nonpolar, essential, converted to alanine and then acetoacetate
glutamine	neutral, nonessential, converted to a-ketoglutarate
alanine	nonpolar, nonessential, converted to pyruvate
GLUT 2	liver and small intestine
threonine	derived from aspartate, essential, converted to pyruvate
arginine	polar, essential, converted to a-ketoglutarate
GLUT 5	Kidney, GI - FRUCTOSE absorption
base (name all 6)	inosine, adenine, guanine, cytosine,thymine, uracil
nucleoside	sugar bonded to a purine or pyrimidine
isoleucine	derived from pyruvate, nonpolar, nonessential, converted to succinyl-Coa
cysteine	polar, nonessential, converted to pyruvate
hydrolase	enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond
RNA	(biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes
bacteriorhodopsin	light-driven H+ pump, converts light to electrochemical potential, uses light to create H+ gradient and activates ATP synthase to create ATP
GLUT3	high-affinity for brain & other glucose-dependent tissues
aquaporin	a receptor protein that allows water to pass through the membrane, hindered by Hg
membranes must: (5 things)	maintain H+ and salt gradients, hydrophobic seal, electrical seal, transmit signals, accommodate proteins
GLUT1	basic supply of glucose to cells
nucleotide	a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside
pyrimidine	single-ring nitrogenous base
purine	a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine
glycosidic bond	bond between sugar and base
PRPP	phosphoribose phosphate: activated form of a ribose, uses ATP with Mg++
living cells with reactions that produce a pyrophosphate are not reversible because	living cells have a phosphatase
amidophosphoribosyl transferase	converts PRPP to PRA and then to IMP which inhibits it
required molecutes for IMP synthesis	Asp, Gln, Gly, N10-formyl-THF
alpha ketoglutarate	Can be formed in CAC by isocitrate dehydrogenase, by transamination (pyridoxal phosphate), or oxidative deamination of glutamate (urea cycle).
schiff base	C=N
phosphatase	atalyze dephosphorylation
phenylalanine	essential, converted to fumarate and then to acetoacetate
AMP + ATP = 2 ADP ?	adelyate kinase
GMP + GTP = 2 GDP	guanylate kinase
GDP + ATP = GTP + ADP	nucleotide diphosphate kinase
salvage pathway	used by cell types that do not contain all of the enzymes need for full nucleotide synthesis
GLUT4	only insulin regulatable transporter; found in muscle, heart, brown and white adipocytes
adenine
guanine
hypoglycemia	<70
hyperglycemia	>110
thymine
cytosine
lysine	derived from aspartate, essential, converted to acetyl coa and/or acetoacetate
glycine	nonessential, converted to pyruvate
lipase	an enzyme capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of lipids
tyrosine	nonessential, fumarate to acetoacetate
asparagine	nonessential, converted to oxaloacetate