chapter 11 TEST
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 genetic code | "program of the cell", how cells pass this program from generation to generation |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Chromosomes | what is 40% DNA and 60% protein |
| watson and crick | built a 3-D model of a DNA molecule out of tin and wire |
| double helix | 2 strands held together by H-bonds |
| 3 | Nucleotides have _ basic parts |
| ring shaped sugar (deoxyribose) "backbone" | what is the 1st basic part of DNA nucleotide |
| phosphate group | what is the 2nd basic part of DNA nucleotide |
| nitrogenous base | what is the 3rd basic part of DNA nucleotide |
| adenine and guanine | which nitrogenous bases are the purines or larger ones |
| thymine and cytosine | which nitrogenous bases are the pyrimidines or smaller ones |
| A-T and C-G | which nitrogenous base goes with which DNA |
| TAGCGACTCTAG | give the complimentary DNA strand of ATCGCTGAGATC |
| parent DNA molecules open up at both ends of the "bubble" | what is the 1st step to DNA replication |
| DNA polymerase | what is the 2nd step to DNA replication |
| eventually all the "bubbles" merge and complimentary strands are created for each of the 2 original strands | what is the 3rd step to DNA replication |
| genes | specific sequences of bases along the DNA chain |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| sugar (ribose) | what is the 1st nucleotide of RNA |
| phosphate group (RNA) | what is the 2nd nucleotide of RNA |
| nitrogenous base (RNA) | what is the 3rd nucleotide of RNA |
| uracil | what replaces thymine in the 4 nitrogenous bases of RNA |
| A-U and G-C | what goes with what for RNA nitrogenous base |
| UGGACGUACCAUG | what is the complimentary RNA strand for ACCTGCATGGTAC |
| messenger RNA- mRNA | what is the 1st type of RNA |
| transfer RNA- tRNA | what is the 2nd type of RNA |
| ribosomal RNA- rRNA | what is the 3rd type of RNA |
| rRNA | major component, along with proteins, of ribosomes |
| tRNA | transfer amino acids to the ribosomes during protein construction |
| mRNA | carries copies of DNA instructions to make proteins |
| codons | every 3 nucleotides in mRNA; "code" for a specific amino acid; 64 possible codons but only 20 amino acids |
| anticodons | 3 nucleotides sequence on tRNA |
| ribosomes | where does translation occur |
| mutations | any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; can involve large regions of a chromosomes or 1 nucleotide pair |
| base substitution and base insertion/deletion | what are the 2 general categories of mutations |
| base substitution | the replacement of 1 base or nucleotide with another; sometimes doesnt cause a problem |
| base insertion/deletion | 1 base from the sequence is deleted or an extra one is inserted into the sequence; causes major problems |
| DNA replication and chromosome crossover | some mutations occur when errors are made during ________ or during _______ ________ in meiosis |
| gene expression | process of using genetic information of DNA to make protein |
| DNA code | information for protein synthesis if found in the base sequence of DNA |
| transcription | an mRNA molecule is made from DNA |
| translation | mRNA and tRNA work together to assemble amino acids into proteins |
| introns | DNA contains sequences of nucleotides that DO NOT contain information for coding protein |
| exons | DNA contains sequences of nucleotides hat DO contain the information for protein |
| Mutagens | chemical or physical agents that cause mutations |
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