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George Creel Journalist who headed Committee on Public Info. Created propaganda to get people willing to go to war. too good oversold Wilson's ideals - world expected too much Zimmerman Note proposed secret alliance btwn Mexico & Germany Eugene Debbs Socialist leader - convicted under Espionage Act sentenced to 10 years in prison unrestricted submarine warfare, caused WIlson to break diplomatic relations w/ Germany Espionage Act of 1917 & Sedition Act of 1918 reflected fears about Germans and anti-war Americans Scheck v US (1919) Supreme Court ruled freedom of speech can be revoked when such speech poses a clear and present danger Bernard Baruch Headed WAr Industries Board - feeble powers, disbanded w/in days after armistice Herbert Hoover headed Food Administration (hero bec. he led massive food drive to feed starving in Belgium). Wage propaganda campaign to get people to ratio food - save food for export Alice Paul led National Woman's party - Quaker who opposed the war Henry Cabot Lodge Republican chairman of Senate Committee on Foreign Relations - wasn't asked to go to peace talks, tried to defeat treaty of Versaille by reading 26 page document aloud in congresWislons Warren G Harding Republican Presidential Candidate - affable & malleable Ohioan, wealthy, back slapping small town newspaper editor, said he would work for a vague Association of Nations (not a League) voted in by women James M. Cox Democratic Candidate 1920 election - Governor of Ohio - supported League (FDR was his running mate) self-determination France demanded coal-rich German inhabited Rhineland & Saar Valley. Wilson opposed bec. it would violate their self determination collective security Provided by League of Nations - Wilson hoped this would protect all countries conscription Only way Americans could get an army - military draft required registration of all males age 18-45, normalcy people tired of idealism, intellectual, moralistic leaders thankful for a 2nd rate pres Fourteen Points Wilson's speech aimed at convincing America that fighting was the right thing to do League of Nations international organization that Wilson dreamed would provided a system of collective security Committee on Public Information Propaganda committee - get people willing to fight Industrial Workers of the World Wobblies - Industrial Workers of the World (aka I won't works) did not support war, these workers victims of worst working conditions in country (fruit & lumber) 19th Amendment Gave Women right to wote 18th Amendment Prohibition - prohibited Alcohol. Bolsheviks Communists in Russia, seized power in 1917, retreated from war in 1918 allowing Germans to fight France in West doughboys US Army infantry man, often sent to fight with very little training Big Four Wilson, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, George Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of Britain irreconcilables William Borah of Idaho & Hiram Johnson of CA, militant isolationists, opposed League of Nations -their opposition was good for Allied adversaries, gave them stronger bargaining position Treaty of Versailles only 4 of Wilson's 14 points were honored, Vengence was tone not reconciliation. Made Wilson a fallen idol, condemned by liberals and imperialists alike Work or Fight Rule of 1918 any unemployed male would be immediately drafted - discourages strikes Wobblies Industrial Workers of the World (aka I won't works) did not support war, these workers victims of worst working conditions in country (fruit & lumber) National War Labor Board headed by WilliamTaft - headed off labor disputes that might hamper war effort 1919 Steel strike greatest strike in history, 250 thous strike to get owners to recognize their right to organize, owners brought in 30,000 African americans to break strike Race Riots sparked by African American migration to primarily white areas like St. Louis & Chicago. National Woman's party Pacifist group opposed war, led by Alice Paul Nat'l American Woman Suffrage Association supported the war, argued women take part in war effort to earn role in shaping te peace Liberty Loans - Victory Loans sponsored by treasury dept, earned 21 billion $ 2/3 cost of war. Chateau -Thierry first major engagement of american troops in European war 2nd battle of the Marne marked beginning of a gErman withdrawal St. Hihiel &Meuse-Argonne offensive Two major battles fought by Amerians - MEuse -ARgonne largest battle in American history (lasted 47 days 1.2 million American troops) General John J. Pershing American commander in WWI Paris Peace Conference little more than old prewar colonialism, land divided up amongst victors, Wilson's #1 goal was to establish League of Nations Security Treaty France compromised on demand for Rhineland in exchange Britain & US promised to come to France's aid if Germany ever invaded again Article X controversial, alarmed congress bec. it morally bound US to aid any member victimized by external agression Wilson's tour Wilson toured country looking for support of treaty, embraced in Rocky Mtn region & Pacific coast, had a stroke in Pueblo Colorado Republican plan for Treaty tried to postpone it at first then wanted to ammend the treaty. Wilson fought back from his sick bed called upon all Democrats Lodge reservations 14 formal reservations put forth by Senator Lodge -reserve right for Congreess to declare war defeat of Treaty because of Wilson's stubborness, would not compromise Solemn Referendum of 1920 Wilson proposed to settle the treaty issue in Presidential campaign. Harding's victory death sentence for League of Nations - now weak bec. US wasn't included