1.
A People's Charter: Draft of reform Bill which called for universal suffrage payment of members of Parliament and annual elections - 6 main points.
2.
Ancien Regime: The old order before the Revolution in France.
3.
Assignats: Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral - the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.
4.
Bastille: Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.
5.
Benjamin Disraeli: British Conservative - extended vote to all middle class male workers, needed to broaden aristocratic voter base.
6.
Berlin Decree: 1806 - issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British Blockade of commercial ports under French control.
7.
Bougeoisie: Comfortable members of the 3rd estate. Basically middle class, wanted the privileges of the nobility and upper clergy.
8.
Castlereagh: British representative.
9.
Charles Fourier: French social theorist - criticized capitalism - wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women. Theory of Four Movements.
10.
Chartism: Agitation against poor laws - working class discontent.
11.
Combination Acts: 1799 and 1800 - made trade unionism illegal.
12.
Committee of Public Safety: Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.
13.
Confederation of the Rhine: League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.
14.
Conspiracy of Equals: Led by "Gracchus" Babeuf an attempt to renew violent rebellion after the Thermidore reaction - communistic nature.
15.
Consulate: Form of government which followed the directory - established by Napoleon - ended when Napoleon was crowned emperor.
16.
Continental System: (1806-12) French economic plan to cripple Britain. Russia's refusal to conform led to the Russian campaign.
17.
Corn Laws: 1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. Never worked well.
18.
Danton: Led the Mountains with Robespierre - also executed with Robespierre.
19.
David: Napoleon's painter - painted the famous portrait of Napoleon's coronation.
20.
Declaration of the Rights of Man: Written by the National Convention - declared all men could do anything as long as it did not harm others.
21.
Directory: Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.
22.
Edmund Cartwright: Inventor of the modern power loom.
23.
Encyclopedie: Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment - explained many aspects of society.
24.
Estates General: Not called since 1614 - finally called by Louis XVI at the advice of his financial ,minister - demanded control over the King's finances - he refused and dismissed them - sat as three segregated groups.
25.
Factory Act 1833: Created factory workday for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Not applicable to home. Outlawed child labor under 9 - factory owners established schools. Destroyed family unit.
26.
First Estate: Clergy
27.
First Reform Bill: 1832, Modified the old political system by easing voting qualifications (but still not easy to qualify!). Abolished some smaller boroughs.
28.
Friedrich Engles: Condition of Working Class in England - society's problems caused by capitalism and competition. Colleague of Karl Marx.
29.
Gabelle: Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France - included in the Estate's list of grievances.
30.
Girondists: One of the two halves of the divided National Convention.
31.
Great Fear: Followed the storming of the Bastille - people were scared of outlaws and reprisals - fanned of rebellion.
32.
Guillotine: Fast and relatively humane - used for mass executions.
33.
Henry Cort: Refined pig iron-puddling furnace - heavy rolling mills.
34.
Henry Palmerston: Hawkish English Foreign Minister during revolutions of 1848.
35.
Industrialization: New inventions, cotton and iron - changed small businesses beyond all recognition.
36.
Intendants: Created by Napoleon - kept watch over their own area of France - allowed Napoleon not to have to worry about petty problems.
37.
James Hargreaves: About 1705 invented spinning jenny.
38.
James Watt: Added a condenser to Newcomen's steam engine to make it more efficient. Led to steam becoming a viable source of power.
39.
Jean le Rond DÁlembert: coeditor of the Encyclopedie.
40.
Jeremy Bentham: Believed that public problems should dealt with on a rational scientific basis. Believed in the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number. Wrote Principles of Morals and Legislation.
41.
John Kay: Inventor of flying shuttle, (1733).
42.
Joseph Bonaparte: Napoleon's brother, made king of Spain but unable to control the Spanish which led to the costly Peninsula War.
43.
Karl Marx: German - father of socialism - emancipation of women - Communist Manifesto
44.
Laissez-faire capitalism: Minimal governmental interference in the economic affairs. Adam Smith and Francois Quesnay.
45.
Levee en Masse: Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army.
46.
Louis XVI: Kings of France - executed for treason by the National Convention - absolute monarch - husband of Marie Antoinette.
47.
Louis XVIII: (1814-24) tried to issue a Constitutional Charter which accepted many revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties.
48.
Marie Antoinette: Louis XVI's wife - executed.
49.
Mary Wollstonecraft: Wrote Vindication of the Rights of Man and A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
50.
Metternich: Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe.
51.
Napoleonic Code: Passed by Napoleon. Took away many of the rights gained by women, aimed at reestablishing the "family monarchy". Modified after Napoleon's defeat.
52.
National Convention: The third estate of the Estates General - broke the Estates because they wanted the Estates to sit as a committee and not as segregated groups.
53.
Peninsula War: France was forced to invade Spain after the failure of Joseph Bonaparte. Very costly for Napoleon. The Duke of Wellington helped the Spanish.
54.
Plebiscite: A vote of the people.
55.
Poor Law: 1834, Gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers.
56.
Regicide: The killing of the king.
57.
Revolutionary Calender: Created by the National Convention, it established after the French Revolution - day one was the first day of the French Republic.
58.
Robert Owen: Scottish spoke out about hiring children. Created mills in New Harmony.
59.
Robespierre: Member of the National Assembly - led the Mountains - began and led the Committee of Public Safety - began the Reign of Terror.
60.
Rosetta Stone: Found by one of Napoleon's officers during the Egyptian campaign. Allowed people to decipher hieroglyphics.
61.
Saint Helena: South Atlantic island. Napoleon's final home after the Battle of Waterloo.
62.
Sans - culottes: Petty laborers and laboring poor = wore pants not knee breeches - became a major political group in revolutionary France.
63.
Second Estate: Nobility
64.
Second Reform Bill: 1867, Conservatives and Liberals trying to gain votes. Disraeli's Conservatives extended the vote to almost 1 million more voters.
65.
Sir Richard Arkwright: Invented water frame at almost the same time as the spinning jenny was invented.
66.
Talleyrand: French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French.
67.
Tennis Court Oaths: Taken by the National Assembly - stated that they would not disband had made a new constitution. Met here because they were unable to go to their meeting place.
68.
The Communist Manifesto: Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles - basis of Socialism.
69.
The Grand Army: Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian campaign.
70.
The Hundred Days: The time from Napoleon's return from exile on Elba to defeat at Waterloo.
71.
Thermidorean Reaction: A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror. Robespierre was executed.
72.
Third Estate: Artisans etc. Everyone not in the First of Second Estate.
73.
Thomas Newcomen: 1705 invented steam engine that used coal, very inefficient.
74.
Tory: Political party in Britain controlled by aristocracy.
75.
Trafalgar: (October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed but invasion of Britain now became impossible.
76.
Utopian Socialism: Ideal society based on socialist ideals - Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier.
77.
Versailles: Site of palace outside Paris. Women marched there to demand action from Louis XVI.
78.
Whig: British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests.
