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Continuous capillary Just has clefts Continuous capillary allows small molecules and ions to pass. skeletal, skin, and in blood brain barrier Fenestrated capillary Have pores, small molecules and some proteins can go through Fenestrated capillary capillaries in endocrine glands, intestines, pancreas, kidneys Sinusoidal capillary "Discontinuous" capillaries. Large openings, allow R&WBCs to go through Sinusoidal capillary Located in liver, spleen, lymph, bone marrow, lymph, adrenal Fenestrated capillary Allows hormones to gain rapid entry into blood Sinusoidal capillary May contain Kupffer cells Part of vessel that contains endothelium Tunica interna Another name for tunica interna Tunica intima Tunic responsible for maintaining blood pressure Tunica media tunic responsible for vasoconstriction Tunica media The three tunics tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa Blood vessels innervated by Sympathetic nervous system only Which part of brain innervates vessels medula (in mid brain) Endothelium is made of simple squamous Large arteries contain _____ to withstand pressure elastin another name for tunica externa tunica adventita during exercise Capillaries of active muscles will be engorged with blood Pulse pressure is systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure Arteries carry blood away from heart Some veins contain valves factors that influence blood pressure blood volume, cardiac output, peripheral resistance vessels that determine peripheral resistance arterioles blood pressure is greatest here large arteries velocity of blood is least here capillaries blood pressure is least here large veins food and gas exchange takes place here capillaries resistance to blood flow is greatest here arterioles artery that supplies small intestine superior mesenteric artery what sends epinephrine to heart adrenal medula (in kidney) Blood pressure is CO x PR (cardiac output x peripheral resistance) Cardiac output is HR x SV (heart rate x stroke volume) Peripheral resistance is changed by change in the diameter of blood vessels If elasticity is lost in vessel ... pressure increases The smallest veins are similar to capillaries and have valves venules Pressure ______ as blood goes to heart decreases Blood flow is P/R (pressure/resistance) Resistance is P/F (pressure over flow) Small changes in radius yield large changes in pressure MAP stands for mean arterial blood pressure formula for MAP p diastolic plus pulse pressure/3 formula for pulse pressure systolic minus diastolic chemo receptors measure pH and CO2 levels in blood Which organs play role in blood pressure? Heart, blood vessels, kidney, brain blood pressure CO x PR (cardiac output x peripheral resistance Short term BP controls Neural control, alter blood distribution, contract vessels carotid sinus syndrome exaggerated response to carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation. Where are baroreceptors? carotid sinus, atortic arch, neck, thorax artery Higher centers for short term control of blood pressure cortex, hypothalamus chemical controls of blood pressure hormones hormones that make bp rise adrenal, ADH, Angiotensin II, Endothelin, PDGF hormones that lower bp ANP, NO, Histamine, DGH2, Alcohol Long term bp control increase blood volume, indirect mechanisms - Renin -angiotensin - aldosterone orthostatic hypotension also known as postural hypotension - and head rush - person's bp drops suddenly when they stand up circulatory shock blood can't circulate adequately hypovolemic shock caused by blood loss, serious burns vascular shock poor flow, extremely contracted vessels Anaphylaxis life-threatening type of allergic reaction Septicemia systemic bacterial infection cardiac shock heart fails to pump adequately ADH Antidiuretic Hormone. released as a response to a decrease in blood volume CO (cardiac output) average 5.8 liters CO (cardiac output) blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute pulse pressure systolic minus diastolic F (flow) pressure/resistance pressure Flow x resistance resistance pressure/flow Increased pressure... means increased flow ischemia inadequate blood supply decreased diameter Increased resistance to blood flow increased diameter increased blood flow bp is measured in mmHg (mms of mercury) whole blood has a viscosity ___ times than that of water five peripheral resistance affected by vascular resistance, viscosity and turbulence processes that move materials across capillary walls diffusion, filtration and reabsorbtion diffusion: particles go from area that is ______ to areas that are ______. higher in concentration, lower in concentration osmosis diffusion of water across semi permeable membrane. Water tends to diffuse toward areas of higher solute concentration. CHP Capillary hydrostatic pressure. pressure that drives fluid out of capillary for filtration BCOP blood colloid osmotic pressure (osmosis in capillary) NFP Net filtration pressure is the sum of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favour or oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries.