| Term | Definition |
|---|
| David Livingstone | 1860s, a minister from Scotland, traveled with a group of Africans deep into central Africa—searching for the source of Nile river |
| Henry Stanley | Hired to go find Livingstone by newspaper.1882, signed treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River valley. (gave King Leopold I of Belgium personal control of these lands) |
| King Leopold II | Forced labor, excessive taxation, and abuses of the native Congolese—lead to demanding changes.1882, signed treaties with Henry Stanely which gave him personal control of the lands |
| Belgain Congo | colony near the congo river valley that was taken over by belgian government as a colony |
| "Red Rubber" | it's a book describing the violent process of getting rubber |
| George Eastman | created the first kodak camera to show all the violence going on during the imperialistic period |
| Imperialism | the takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of domination the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation. |
| Cecil Rhodes | British supporter who wanted to create a railway form Cape of Good Hope to Cairo (too much money, never happened) |
| The Maxim gun | the first automatic gun that helped the Europeans get further into African territory |
| quinine | a drug that protected Europeans from attacks of malaria |
| Berlin Conference | 1884-1885 a meeting at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa (only 14 representatives attended) |
| Shaka Zulu | Around 1816 used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. The Zulu land became part of British-controlled land in 1887. |
| Great Trek | a migration of Dutch colonists out of British-controlled territory in South Africa during the 1830s |
| Boers | Dutch settlers; Dutch for “farmers”—took over native African’s land and established large farms. |
| Boer War | a conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Boers and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa |
| colony | a land controlled by a distant nation |
| protectorate | A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power |
| sphere of influence | An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges |
| social darwinism | the application of Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies--particularly as justification for imperialist expansion |
| economic imperialism | Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments |
| direct control | having the distant nation come and live in the country and take over all political, economic, and social aspects and make it their own |
| indirect control | relied on existing political to accept british authority to rule (distant rule) |
| paternalism | a policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their need but not giving them rights (Europeans adopted this policy) |
| the royal niger company | gained control of the palm-oil trade along the Niger river |
| Assimilation | the adoption of a conqueror’s culture by a conquered people—or—a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs (French adopted this policy) |
| Geopolitics | a foregin policy based on a consideration of the strategic locations or products of other lands |
| Muhammad Ali | began a series of reforms in the military. Changed agriculture in Egypt to plantation cash crops (cotton) |
| Isma'il | grandson of Muhammad Ali. supported the construction of the Suez canal. |
| Suez canal | a manmade waterway connecting the Red sea and the Mediterranean sea, which was opened in 1869 |
| Anglo-Persian oil company | british corporation which began to develop Persia's rich oil fields in the early 1900s |
| Battle of Plassey | the battle led by Robert Clive in 1757 that gave british east india company ruling powers |
| British East India Company | British government control the company. 19th century—company ruled India with little interference. Company had its own army, led by British officers and staffed by sepoys |
| Raj | the british-controlled portions of India in the years 1757-1947 |
| sepoy | italian soldier |
| sepoy mutiny | an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India |
| "jewel in the crown" | the british colony of India--so called because of its importance in the British empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods |
| Indian National congress and Muslim league | helped indians have some influence over local decisions, but not national or international. Becomes a base of further nationalist movements in the 20th century. |
| Crimean war | a conflict, lasting from 1853 to 1856, in which the Ottoman empire, with the aid of British and Frnace, halted Russian expansion in the region of the Black sea |
| Menelik II | emperor of Ethiopia in 1889. He played Italians, French, and British against each other. built up a large arsenal of modern weapons purchased from France and Russia. Started the battle of Adowa. the Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their nation’s independence. |
| Maji Maji rebellion | Africans believed that if they sprinkled magic water on them then it would turn the Germans' bullets into water (unsuccessful resistance) |
| Battle of Adowa | led by Menelik II, successful resistance in Ethiopia. The result was the Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their nation’s independence. |
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