Honors Biology Semester 1 Test (Macromolecules)
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Created by:
ariana_jones on January 15, 2013
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Atom | Basic unit of matter. Made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
| Proton | Positively charged particles with the same mass as a neutron. Makes up the nucleus with the neutrons. |
| Neutron | Neutrally charged particles with the same mass as a proton. Makes up the nucleus with the protons. |
| Electron | Negatively charged particles. Orbits the nucleus. |
| Covalent Bond | A bond that forms when electrons are shared between atoms. |
| Ionic Bond | A bond that forms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. |
| Molecule | The smallest unit of most compounds. |
| Polar Molecule | When a molecule (water) has an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. (positive and negative charged ends) |
| Hydrogen Bond | A weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms |
| Cohesion | An attraction between molecules of the same substance. |
| Adhesion | An attraction between molecules of different substances. |
| Surface Tension | Water's cohesion cause molecules on the surface of water to be drawn inward, which is why drops of water form beads on a smooth surface. |
| Capillary Action | One of the forces that draw water out of the roots of a plant and up into its stems and leaves. |
| pH Scale | Indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. |
| Acid | Contains higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values below 7. |
| Base | Contains lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values above 7. |
| Neutral | Has a pH of exactly 7. |
| Buffer | Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. |
| Macromolecules | Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. |
| Carbon | Have four valence electrons. Can bond with many elements. Can bond with itself. |
| Four Bond | Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Each electron can join with an electron from another atom to for a strong covalent bond. |
| Monomer | The smaller units that join together with polymers to create macromolecules. |
| Polymer | The larger units that join together with monomers to create macromolecules. |
| Carbohydrate | Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms with a ratio of 1:2:1. Used as the main source of energy and for structural purposes in living things. (Quick energy) |
| Monosaccharide | The monomer of carbohydrates. |
| Polysaccharide | The polymer of carbohydrates. |
| Benedict's Solution | Tests for simple sugars (carbohydrates) |
| Iodine Solution | Tests for starch (carbohydrates) |
| Lipids | Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Common categories are fats, oils, and waxes. Used to store energy, in important parts of biological membranes, and for waterproof coverings. |
| Glycerol | Combines with fatty acids to form lipids. |
| Fatty Acids | When combined with Glycerol, lipids are formed. |
| Saturated | Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens. |
| Unsaturated | Fatty acids that contain more than one double bond. |
| Sudan 4 | Tests for lipids. |
| Proteins | Made mostly of nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Used for structure and support, help to fight disease, carry out cell functions, and form bones and muscles. |
| Amino Acids | Linked by peptide bonds are the monomers of proteins. |
| Enzyme | Proteins that speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions that take place in cells and lower activation energy. Temperature and pH affect how well it works. |
| Substrates | The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. |
| Active Site | The place where substrates bind to the enzyme. |
| Biurets | Tests for proteins. |
| Nucleic Acids | Made mostly of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Used to store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. |
| Nucleotides | Consist of three parts: a 5 - carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. Monomer of Nucleic Acids |
| RNA | Sugar ribonucleic acid. One kind of nucleic acid. |
| DNA | Sugar deoxyribonucleic acid. One kind of nucleic acid. |
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