histology (chapter 5)
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Created by:
fgc2c on March 9, 2010
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Description:
histology- chapter 5 (saladin)
Classes:
Anatomy and Physiology I- Dr. Hughes
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 tissue | a group of similar cells and their products that carry out a specific function (structural or physiological) |
| four types of tissue | epithelia, connective, nervous, and muscular |
| histology | the study of tissue also called microscopic anatomy |
| composition of matrix | fibrous proteins and a clear gel (ground substance,tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid, or tissue gel) ( water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes and other chemicals) |
| composition of tissue | cells, matrix |
| epithelial tissue | one or more layers of closely adhering cells. It forms a flat sheet with the upper surface exposed to the environment or an internal body cavity. it sits on the basement membrane (nerve and blood supply) |
| examples of epithelial tissue | epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract and liver and other glands |
| connective tissue | tissue with more matrix than cell volume. consists of widely spaced cells separated by fibers and ground substance. most abundant and variable tissue type FUNCTION: (support, bind together and protect organs) connects organs to each other, storage of energy and heat production, movement and transport of materials |
| examples of connective tissue | tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bone, blood |
| nervous tissue | contains cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information toother cells |
| examples of nervous tissue | brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| muscular tissue | tissue composed of elongated cells specialized for contraction |
| examples of muscular tissue | skeletal muscles, heart(cardiac muscle), walls of viscera (smooth muscle) |
| primary germ layers | Three layers of embryonic tissue from which all primary tissues and body organs are derived; includes ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm |
| ectoderm | outer layer & gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system |
| mesoderm | between ectoderm and endoderm. forms mesenchyme |
| endoderm | inner layer gives rise to the mucous membranes of the digestive (GI tract ) and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands |
| mesenchyme | (mesoderm) composed of fibroblast it gives rise to muscle, bone and blood among other tissues |
| fibroblast | collagen (protein) , branching cells used in the ground substance |
| how many cells does the body contain? | 200 different cell types |
| basement membrane | thin layer of collagen and adhesive proteins. anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue |
| two types of epithelial tissue | simple and stratified |
| types of simple epithelial tissue | squamous (thin) , cubodial(square), columnar(tall) and pseudostratified columnar(short + long) |
| fibrous connective tissue | is the most diverse type of connective tissue. it is also called fibroconnective tissue or connective tissue proper |
| components of fibrous connective tissue | cells, fibers and ground substance |
| cells in fibrous connective tissue | fibroblast, macrophages, leukocytes(white blood cells), plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes |
| fibroblast | they produce the fibers and ground subtance that form the matrix of the tissue |
| macrophages | they destroy bacteria. dead or dying cells of our own body. - they activate the immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens) -they arise from Monocytes (white blood cells) |
| leukocytes (WBC) | most of them are neutrophils- which wonder about attacking bacteria. - lymphocytes- dense patches of tiny white blood cells on the mucous membrane that react against bacteria, toxins and other foreign agents. |
| plasma cells | -lymphocytes that turn into plasma cells when they detect foreign agents. they make antibodies (disease fighting proteins). - plasma cells are only seen in the walls of the intestines and in inflamed tissue |
| mast cells | found alongside blood vessels and they secrete 2 types of chemical. - heparin- inhibits blood clotting - histamine- increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels |
| adipocytes | they are called adipose tissue when adipocytes dominate an area. Filled mainly by a globule of triglycerides (fat molecules) |
| fibers in a fibrous connective tissue | collagenous fibers, reticular fibers and elastic fibers. |
| collagenous fibers | - made of collagen- the most abundant of the body's proteins (25% of body proteins) -they are tough and flexible and resist stretching. - name: white fibers -Found: ligaments, tendons and the deep layer of the skin (dermis). also in the matrix of cartilage and bones |
| reticular fibers | thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein. - they form a spongylike framework for organs like spleen and lymph nodes |
| Elastic fibers | made of protein called elastin. - they have a coiled structures that allows it to strech and recoil like a rubber band. -found: skin, lungs and arteries. Name : yellow fibers |
| ground substance of CT | usually has a gelatinous to rubbery consistency that absorbs compressive forces and slows the spread of pathogens. consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules : glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins |
| glycosaminoglycans | regulate water and electrolyte balance -most abundant GAG is chondroitin sulfate- abundant in blood vessels and bones is responsible for the stiffness of cartilage. -Ex: heparin and hyaluronic acid (lubricant in joints and the jellylike body of the eyeball) |
| proteoglycans | create a strong bond between extracellular macromolecules to hold tissues together and slows the spread of pathogenic organism through the tissues. |
| adhesive glycoprotein | binds plasma membrane to collagen or proteoglycans outside of the cells also mark pathway for cell migration |
| adipose tissue (CT) | also called fat- is tissue which adipoctes are the dominant cell type. -- Functions: provides thermal insulation, anchors, cushions such organs like eyeballs and kidneys, provides contours to the female breasts and hips. -women have for fat them men do and helps meet the calorie intake of nursing. two types of fat: white and brown |
| white fat | most adipose tissue. |
| Brown fat | heat generating fat and accounts for up to 6% of an infants body weight. color( abundance of blood vessels and certain enzyme in the mitochondria) - the don't make ATP the energy is only used for heat. - hibernating animal have brown fat in preparation for winter |
| cartilage (CT) | supportive connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix. the matrix is rich in chondroitin sulfate and collage fibers. (damaged cartilage slow to recover - Found: tip of nose, the larynx and the external ear - three types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage |
| steps of formation of cartilage | 1. chondroblast- secrete matrix and surround themselves until they are trapped in 2.lacunae(cavity) - once trapped in lacunae they are called 3.chondrocytes- make cartilages |
| hyaline cartilage | clear, glassy appearance. usually invisible fineness of its collagen fibers. Surrounded by perichondrium - a dense irregular connective tissue |
| elastic cartilage | elastic fibers. - It has perichondrium. - Ex: external ear shape |
| fibrocartilage | readily visible bundles of collagenzZX |
| bone tissue | osseous tissue ---> 2 types : spongy bone and compact bone |
| spongy bone | fills the head of long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bone Found: sternum |
| compact bone | no spaces visible, it also covers spongy bone |
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