anatomy muscle test
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68 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 movement, support, heat production | 3 major muscle functions |
| contractile, excitable, extensible, elastic | 4 properties of the muscle |
| muscles | organs that use chemical energy to contract |
| skeletal, cardiac, smooth | 3 types of muscle in the body |
| aponeuroses | Broad fibrous connective tissue sheets found in cranium & obliques |
| fascia | Layers of connective tissue that hold muscle in position; Separate 1 muscle from another & projects to form tendon |
| epimysium | Layer of connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle |
| perimysium | Extends inward to compartmentalize tissue into fascicles that contain muscle fibers |
| endomysium | Thin layer that covers each muscle fiber |
| fascia | surround/separate each muscle |
| tendons | Connective tissue extends beyond ends of muscle to create __. |
| periosteum | Tendons are fused to the __ of the bone. |
| aponeuroses | Muscles are connected by broad sheets of connective tissue called __. |
| epimysium | __ is the layer of connective tissue closely around each muscle. |
| perimysium | __ surrounds individual fascicles within muscles. |
| endomysium | __ covers each muscle cell fiber. |
| sarcolemma | the cell membrane of a muscle fiber |
| sarcoplasm | the cell cytoplasm of the muscle fiber |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | the endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle fiber |
| myosin | thick filaments are made of __. |
| actin | thin filaments are made of __. |
| sarcoplasm | __ lays beneath the sarcolemma |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | besides sarcoplasm, __ __ lies beneath the sarcolemma |
| transverse tubules | invaginations of the sarcolemma |
| cisternae | transverse tubules lie between two __. |
| striations | the organization of thick and thin filaments produces __. |
| muscle contraction | myofibrils play a fundamental role in __ ___. |
| sarcomere | Functional unit of a muscle cell; repeating units composed of myofibrils |
| z lines | I bands are thick filaments and are anchored to _ _. |
| A | _ bands are made of thick & thin filaments |
| h zone | in the center of a bands is a _ _, consisting only of thick filaments |
| myosin | the m line is an area of _ only |
| neuromuscular junction | The site where motor neuron & muscle fiber meet |
| motor end plate | the muscle fiber membrane forms a: |
| motor end plate | area in which sarcolemma is tightly folded; nuclei & mitochondria = abundant |
| Mitochondria, synaptic vesicles | The cytoplasm of the motor neuron contains __ & __ __ |
| neurotransmitters | synaptic vesicles store __. |
| myosin | __ consists of 2 twisted strands with globular cross-bridges projected outwards along the strands |
| actin | __ is a globular protein with myosin bonding sites |
| tropomyosin, tropinin | __ and __ are 2 proteins associated with the surface of actin filaments |
| ATP | energy source for contraction comes from molecules of: |
| creatine phosphate | __ __ stores excess energy released by the mitochondria & regenerates ATP |
| creatine phosphokinase | When ATP supply is low, __ __ promotes the synthesis of creatine phosphate |
| myoglobin | __ stores oxygen in muscle tissue. |
| hemoglobin | ___ in red blood cells carries oxygen to muscles |
| aerobic respiration | During rest/light activity, there's enough oxygen to support: |
| lactic acid | __ __ accumulates as an end product of anaerobic respiration |
| lactic acid | __ __has different uses out of muscle cells & is carried to the liver via bloodstream |
| oxygen debt | Amount of oxygen that liver cells require to convert lactic acid to glucose, & amount that muscle cells need to resynthesize ATP & creatine phosphate |
| muscle fatigue | A muscle loses ability to contract |
| cramp | a sustained involuntary contraction caused by extracellular fluid |
| threshold stimulus | A muscle fiber remains unresponsive to stimulation unless the stimulation is of a certain strength |
| all-or-none response | When a muscle fiber contracts, it contracts to its full extent |
| myogram | The recording of an electrically stimulated muscle contraction |
| twitch | Single, short contraction involving only a few motor units |
| latent period | Time delay between when stimulus is applied & when the muscle contracts |
| summation | A series of simple twitches add up to a contraction |
| tetanic contraction (tetany) | If the sustained contraction lacks any relaxation, its called: |
| recruitment | An increase in the # of activated motor units within a muscle at higher intensities of stimulation |
| tone (tonus) | Muscle __ is achieved by a continuous state of sustained contraction |
| isotonic contraction | Muscle shortens, movement occurs, work results |
| isometric contraction | Muscle contracts but doesn't shorten, no movement/work, only tension |
| intercalated disks | Complex membrane junctions, ___, join cells & transmit the force of contraction from 1 cell to the next & aid in rapid transmission impulses of the heart |
| origin | the immovable end of a muscle |
| insertion | the movable end of a muscle |
| prime mover | Within a group of muscles, 1 muscle doing the most work is |
| synergists | helper muscles |
| antagonists | opposing muscles |
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