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Anxiety state of apprehension, tension, and worry neurosis according to Freud, a set of maladaptive symptoms caused by unconscious anxiety panic attacks short, intense periods during which and individual experiences physiological and cognitive symptoms of anxiety, characterized by intense fear and discomfort panic disorder disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks norepinephrine neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of mood locus ceruleus area of the brain stem that plays a part in the emergency response and may be involved in panic attacks limbic system part of the brain that relays information from the primitive brains stem about changes in bodily functions to the cortex, where the information is interpreted anxiety sensitivity belief that bodily symptoms have harmful consequences interoceptive awareness heightened awareness of bodily cues that a panic attack may soon happen selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) class of antidepressant drugs benzodiazepines drugs that reduce anxiety and insomnia agoraphobia anxiety disorder characterized by fear of places and situations in which it would be difficult to escape, such as enclosed places, open spaces, and crowds specific phobias extreme fears of specific objects or situations that cause an individual to routinely avoid those objects or situations animal type phobias extreme fears of specific animals that may induce immediate and intense panic attacks and cause the individual to go to great lengths to avoid the animals natural environmental type phobias extreme fears of events or situations in the natural environment that cause impairment in one's ability to function normally situational type phobias extreme fears of situations such as public transportation, tunnels, bridges, elevators, flying, driving, or enclosed spaces blood-injection-injury type phobias extreme fears of seeing blood or an injury or of receiving an injection or another invasive medical procedure, which cause a drop in heart rate and blood pressure and fainting social phobia extreme fear of being judged or embarrassed in front of people, causing the individual to avoid social situations negative reinforcement process in which people avoid being exposed to feared objects, and this avoidance is reinforced by the subsequent reduction of their anxiety prepared classical conditioning theory that evolution has prepared people to be easily conditioned to fear objects or situations that were dangerous in ancient times applied tension technique technique used to treat blood-injection-injury type phobias in which the therapist teaches the client to increase his or her blood pressure and heart rate, thus preventing the client from fainting modeling process of learning behaviors by imitating others, especially authority figures or those like oneself generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) anxiety disorder characterized by chronic anxiety in daily life realistic anxiety anxiety that occurs when one faces a real danger or threat, such as a tornado neurotic anxiety according to Freud, anxiety that occurs when one is repeatedly prevented from expressing one's id impulses moral anxiety anxiety that occurs when one is punished for expressing id impulses and come to associate those with punishment conditions of worth external standards some people feel they must meet in order to be acceptable existential anxiety universal human fear of the limits and responsibilities of one's existence automatic thoughts thoughts that come to mind quickly and without intention, causing emotions such as fear or sadness gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter that carries inhibiting messages from one neuron to another buspirone drug that appears to alleviate the symptoms of general anxiety for some, has very few side effects, and is unlikely to lead to physical dependence obsessions uncontrollable, persistent thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that an individual feels intrude upon his or her consciousness and that cause significant anxiety or distress compulsions repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) anxiety disorder characterized by obsessions (persistent thoughts) and compulsions (rituals) caudate nucleus part of the basal ganglia that is involved in carrying the impulses to the thalamus that direct primitive patterns of primitive behavior, such as aggression, sexuality, and bodily excretion "free-floating" anxiety term used to describe the type of anxiety present in GAD, because the individual is plagued by excessive anxiety under most circumstances and about anything