psych exam 2
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56 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 GENERALIZATION | When two stimuli are functionally equivalent |
| autonomic reflex | nothing that we've learned, just natural physical response such (dog saliva/straw lecture story) |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| episodic memory | memory for episodes in your own life |
| semantic memory | your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts |
| procedural memory | Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection |
| sensory memory | the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| short term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before information is stored or forgotten |
| long term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. |
| algorithms | very specific, systematic methods that always reach a correct result |
| heuristics | mental shortcuts that help us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world |
| mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| phonemes | smallest units of sound in the human language, like consonants or vowels |
| morphemes | smallest meaningful units of speech; simple words, suffixes, prefixes; examples: red, hot, calm, -ed, pre- |
| heirarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. (Physiological, Safety, Belongingness/Love, Esteem, Self-actualization) |
| repression | (psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious |
| childhood amnesia | A phenomenon that no one can accurately recall events from the first three years of life. |
| conditioned stimulus | the stimulus that is the occasion for a conditioned response |
| conditioned response | an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. |
| unconditioned response | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli - learning by association |
| ivan pavlov | Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936) (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING) |
| aptitude testing | A test designed to predict future performance |
| achievement testing | a test designed to asses what a person has learned |
| memory processes | encoding storage and retrieval |
| neutral stimulus | a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response |
| alfred binet | the indvidual that published the first measure of intelligence in 1905. The purpose of his intelligence test was to correctly place students on academic tracks in the French school system. |
| garcia and koelling | researchers who did major studies on classical conditoning and taste aversions - rats |
| systematic desensitization | a technique used in behavior therapy to treat phobias and other behavior problems involving anxiety |
| proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| BF SKINNER | 1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box |
| syntax | the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences |
| wais | (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) Verbal & performance scores. Most widely used intelligence test today |
| abraham maslow | humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence |
| James Lange theory | we are afraid BECAUSE WE TREMBLE, different PATTERNS of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions |
| facial feedback | the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed |
| HYPOTHALAMUS | forebrain region that governs motivation and emotional responses |
| YERKES DODSON LAW | performance is best under a condition of moderate arousal - social interaction causes stimulation, change in activity |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
| learning | "anything that happens to us that alters our thoughts or views" |
| fixed ratio | a schedule where reinforcement happens after a correct number of responses |
| variable ratio | a schedule where reinforcement happens after a varied number of responses |
| higher order conditioning | Pairing a second conditioned stimulus with the first conditioned stimulus in order to produce a second conditioned response. |
| state dependent | memories that are recalled better when the mood in which they were orginallt encoded is recreated |
| context dependent | the cue is the environment you learnt it in |
| piaget | Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (4 stages)(1896-1980) |
| need | state of deprivation |
| incentive | a reason for doing something |
| motive | a reason or an emotion that makes one act in a certain way |
| drive | state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal |
| psychic energy | Freud's term for the biologically based instinctual drives that he believed fuels behavior, thoughts and feelings |
| instinct theory | theory that states behavior is motivated by instincts |
| unconditioned stimulus | this is what the meat powder is considered |
| conditioned stimulus | this is what the bell tone in the dog experiments is considered |
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