5 Written Questions

1. 
   • loudness or amplitude of echo
   • amplitude can GO UP when target
   • large but distant
   • small but near
2. Megadermatidae, Natalidae, Phyllostomidae
3. position, size, textire, movement
4. By comparing the outgoing pulse with the returning echoes the brain and auditory nervous system can produce detailed images of the bat's surroundings Sounds at 130 decibels
5. 
   • computed from binaural cues (both ears)
   • compare delays received in both ears
   • essentially triangulation
   • some information processed in each ear

5 Matching Questions

1. Bats use 2 additional features of emitted sound
2. Constant frequency
3. Short broadband; dominant fundamental harmonic
4. Narrowband; dominant fundamental harmonic
5. Long broadband

1. a Myzopodidae
2. b Some Vespertilionidae, Molossidae
3. c Vespertilioniday (genus Myotis)
4. d Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae
5. e • fundamental frequencies + harmonics • pulse rate (rate GOES UP as distance GOES DOWN)

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Mormoopidae, Thyropteridae
   1. Narrowband; dominant fundamental harmonic
   2. Narrowband; multiharmonic
   3. Bat echolocation
   4. Short broadband; multiharmonic
2. 
   • short pulse (<5 ms)
   • range of frequencies (100 Hz - 25 kHz)
   • eg, big brown bat (Eptesicus)
   1. Velocity (absolute and relative to self)
   2. Frequency modulated (FM) sweep or broadband
   3. Frequency
   4. Long broadband
3. time (t)= 1 cycle
   1. Absolute size
   2. Pulse duration
   3. Elevation
   4. Bat echolocation
4. 
   • longer pulse (5 - 30 ms)
   • no frequency modulation
   • eg, horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus sp)
   1. Distance
   2. constant frequency (CF)
   3. Frequency
   4. Constant frequency
5. 
   • computed from
   • distance (pulse-echo delay)
   • angular size (amplitude)
   1. Azimuth
   2. Amplitude
   3. Absolute size
   4. Distance

5 True/False Questions

1. Velocity (absolute and relative to self) → Megadermatidae, Natalidae, Phyllostomidae

   True        False

2. Brief, broadband tongue clicks → Myzopodidae

   True        False

3. Bat echolocation →
   • computed from two cues, compare echos
   • received when
   • ears are moved to various positions
   • ear flaps in pinnae are opened variably

   True        False

4. Interpulse Interval → time (t)= 1 cycle

   True        False

5. What kind of target information is obtained through echolocation → • distance
   • subtended angles (angular size)
   • absolute size
   • azimuth (lateral position ~ receiver)
   • elevation
   • velocity

   True        False