| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Umayyads | The Muslim family that the Abbasids slaughtered to take over. |
| al-Andalus | The “extraordinary” Muslim state formed by the Berbers. |
| Baghdad | The capital of the Abbasid empire. |
| Philip II | A Spanish king who ruled with absolutism. |
| Divine Right | The European version of the Mandate of Heaven. |
| Absolutism | The system of government in which a ruler rules with all of the power within their state’s boundaries. |
| Bedouins | Arab nomads who lived in the late 500s and settled into towns by the early 600s. |
| Islam | The religion which evolved from the Bedouin culture. |
| Loess | The fertile, yellow silt that is blown across China, making it farmable. |
| Xia | The dynasty that is, according to legend, the first in China. |
| Shang | The first Chinese dynasty to leave written records. |
| Oracle bones | Animal bones and tortoise shells on which priests had scratched questions for the gods. |
| Zhou | The Chinese dynasty that introduced the Mandate of Heaven. |
| Zhou | The Chinese dynasty that was followed by the Warring States Period. |
| Inflation | The rising costs that were present in the fall of the Roman Empire and Han Dynasty. |
| Nomadic tribes | The Han, Roman, and Gupta Empire suffered from attacks from ________. |
| Weak rulers | The tradition of murdering one's most able sons led to _________. |
| Huns | The group who pushed all of the barbarians into Rome. |
| Hunas | The group who attacked the Guptas, leading to their fall. |
| Vladimir | The Kievan Prince that converted to Byzantine Christianity. |
| Yaroslav the Wise | The Kievan prince that made important trading alliances and broke the empire into three pieces. |
| Mongols | The group of nomadic invaders who conquered Kiev. |
| Hammurabi | Creator of the Babylonian system of laws. |
| Hammurabi's Code | A harsh system of laws implemented around 1775 BCE. |
| Mandate of Heaven | Present in China, this meant that you had divine support as a ruler. |
| Kublai Khan | The ruler of China that Marco Polo worked for. |
| Marco Polo | The European who wrote a book about China around 1300. |
| Venice | The city Marco Polo was from. |
| Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing | Please put all Chinese dynasties in order from oldest to most recent, starting with the Xia and ending with the Qing. Separate with commas. |
| Belisarius | Justinian’s best general and (as Castro puts it) hitman. |
| Hagia Sophia | This Church was Justinian’s crowning achievement. |
| Justinian Code | The uniform set of laws created for the Byzantine Empire. |
| Zheng He | The Muslim admiral who led 7 voyages for China. |
| Islam | Zheng He’s religion. |
| Yonglo | The Ming emperor who funded Zheng He’s seven voyages. |
| Hongwu | The peasant’s son who began the Ming Dynasty. |
| Yonglo | Hongwu’s son who continued the Ming Dynasty. |
| Mongols | Hongwu and the Chinese kicked out the ________. |
| Popul Vuh | The Mayan book that recounts their creation story. |
| Codex | The type of bark-paper book used by the Mayans. |
| Glyphs | The hieroglyphic symbols used by the Mayans. |
| Neolithic Revolution | The great advancement in the way humans lived that occurred after the discovery of agriculture. |
| 8000 BCE | The approximate year that the Neolithic Revolution took place in. |
| Joint-stock company | A corporation that investors could buy shares of stock in. |
| Capitalism | Joint-stock companies rose with this economic system based on private ownership of businesses. |
| Wendi | The founder of the Sui Dynasty, he united China and set up for the Tang Dynasty. |
| Tang Taizong | The founder of the Tang Dynasty, he expanded China to include all that the Han had had and more. |
| Wu Zhao | The only woman to ever declare herself empress, she was a member of the Tang Dynasty. |
| Battle of Talas | The battle against the Muslims that began the end of the Tang. |
| Song | The movable type, gunpowder, mechanical clock, paper money, and magnetic compass were invented during the _______ dynasty. |
| Gentry | This larger upper class of powerful, well-to-do people evolved during the Tang and Song dynasties. |
| Declined | The status of women _______ (increased or declined) during the Tang and Song dynasties. |
| Pastoralists | The Mongols were ________, meaning that they herded domesticated animals and were always on the move. |
| Clans | The kinship groups that nomads traveled in. |
| Genghis Khan | The name that Temujin took meaning universal ruler. |
| Temujin | The Mongol leader who led the Mongols to take over the Chinese, Muslims, and some of the Europeans (this is the name he was born with, not the one he took). |
| Pax Mongolica | The Mongol peace. |
| Cruelty | Genghis Khan’s chief weapon, many countries surrendered without a fight because of this. |
| Taxes | The Mongols didn’t require the people they conquered to do anything but give _____. |
| Kublai Khan | The Mongol leader of China. |
| Yuan | The Mongol leader of China founded the ________ Dynasty. |
| Mauryan | Asoka was a ruler of the ________ Dynasty. |
| Nonviolence | Asoka erected stone pillars throughout the land with his new policies of ______ after his conversion to peaceful Buddhism |
| Kalinga | Asoka changed his mindset and erected the pillars because he felt bad after the slaughter at ________. |
| Tamil | Neither the Mauryan nor the Guptan Empire could conquer the _____. |
| Arts | In order to beautify the land, both the Mauryans and the Guptans respected and encouraged the ____. |
| Varnas | The early name for the different castes of India. |
| Brahmins | The uppermost Indian caste. |
| Untouchables | Those Indians so low that they are outside of the caste system. |
| Shudras | Laborers in the Indian caste system. |
| Aryans | The caste system in India arose when the _____ moved in to India. |
| Patricians, plebeians | In the early Roman Republic, two rival groups known as the _____ or wealthy landowners and the _______ or poor commoners existed. |
| Twelve Tables | The official tablets that the plebeians forced into the early Roman Republic that gave them a right to the protection of the law. |
| Ur | A Sumerian city that is known as one of the first civilizations. |
| Flooding | While Egypt’s was clockwork, Mesopotamia suffered from random ______. |
| Fertile Crescent | The rich area of land that includes Mesopotamia. |
| Sargon of Akkad | A conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who took over all of Mesopotamia and created the world’s first empire. |
| Amorites | A group of people who overwhelmed the Mesopotamians and founded the Babylonian Empire. |
| Cuneiform | The Sumerian form of writing. |
| City-states | The Sumerians had many _____ rather than a central government. |
| Polytheistic | The Sumerians had a _______ religion, meaning that they believed in multiple gods. |
| England | Who did Philip II send the Spanish Armada against? |
| Yes | Did England win the battle against the Spanish Armada? |
| Peter the Great | The prince who westernized Russia. |
| St. Petersburg | The city that Peter established for easy travel to the west, as part of his goal for westernization. |
| Francis Xavier | A Jesuit who led the first mission to Japan. |
| Samurai, Christian, closed | Led by dissatisfied ______, an uprising in southern Japan was mostly _______, leading the Japanese shoguns to believe that European ideas were causing problems in Japan. This led Japan to institute a ______ country policy. |
| Decrease of persecution of Jews | Which of the following was not an effect of the crusades? Lessening of pope’s power, increased trade, weakening of Byzantine Empire, Muslim bitterness, decrease of persecution of Jews, increase of women’s role in society. |
| Italy | The country in which the Renaissance began. |
| Medici | The wealthy banking family that ran Florence’s government behind the scenes. |
| Merchant | A wealthy _____ class that could afford art was prominent in Italy, increasing the amount of art present. |
| Patron | One who financially supports an art. |
| Church | Due to its extreme wealth from feudal times, the _____ paid for art to beautify Rome. |
| Humanism | An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements. |
| Renaissance | During the ________, people began to become more secular. |
| Mountains | ______ separated the Greeks, causing city-states to develop. |
| Sea | Due to the rugged terrain, the Greeks traveled and traded by _____. |
| Sparta, Athens | In Greece, the city-state of ______ was a militaristic dictatorship while ______ was a democracy. |
| Crusades | Due to the failure of the later ______, Church power declined. |
| Indulgences, simony | Due to corruption such as the selling of ________ and kings selling position in the church (_______), people became angry at the Church. |
| Saddle, stirrup | Two important inventions for knights riding horses were the _______ which kept them more firmly implanted and the _______ which allowed them to carry heavier weapons. |
| Manor | A lord’s estate in a feudal society. |
| Lord | The landowner in a feudal society. |
| Fief | Land granted by a lord to a person in a feudal society. |
| Vassal | One who receives a fief in a feudal society. |
| Serf | A laborer who couldn’t lawfully leave the place where they were born in a feudal society. |
| Tithe | A one-tenth tax paid by peasants to the Church for marriage in a feudal society. |
| Bureaucracy | Both the Han and Roman Empires had governments with a _________, meaning that they had departments and agencies. |
| Roads | Both the Han and Roman Empires built ______ for transportation. |
| Conquered | Both the Han and Roman Empires _______ many people surrounding them. |
| Tang | Although the Roman Empire never was revived, the Han was replaced by first the Sui then ______ Dynasty. |
| Encomienda | The system of forcing Native Americans to work for Spanish landlords. |
| Metacom | A Native American who led a massive revolt against the Europeans. |
| were more humble towards Europeans | Which of the following was not a reason that the Africans were chosen as slaves? Skin color made them harder to blend in, were sold by their kings, were more humble towards Europeans, expertise in farming |
| Children, indulgences, simony | The Protestant Reformation began due to corruption such as the Pope having _______, priests and bishops selling ________, and ______ (kings selling positions in the church). |
| Martin Luther | The man who began the Protestant Reformation by putting up 95 Theses. |
| Protestants | The protesting German princes who supported Luther. |
| Henry VIII | England became protestant after the rule of _________. |
| Anglican | Elizabeth’s Church became known as the _______ Church, or the Church of England. |
| John Calvin | The man who continued the Reformation through his teaching of predestination and the few “elect.” |
| Theocracy | A government controlled by religious leaders. |
| John Calvin | This man led the Reformation in Switzerland, forming a theocracy in Geneva. |
| John Knox | The man who formed the Presbyterians. |
| Anabaptists | A group of Christians who believed that people should be rebaptized as adults. |
| Catholic Reformation | The movement within the Catholic Church for reform, including Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits. |
| Council of Trent | The meeting of the Church during which they decided many ideas to counter Luther. |
| 2 | How many consuls, or army commanders/executives of the government, were elected under the Roman Republic? (ie 5, not five) |
| Senate | The aristocratic group of the Roman Republic’s legislative branch. |
| Commoners | In the Tribal Assembly of the Roman Republic, ______ rather than aristocrats were chosen. |
| Dictator | In a time of crisis, a _____ who had absolute power was elected by the Roman Republic. His term lasted 6 months. |
| Osman | Founder of the Ottomans, he began the conquest of Anatolia. |
| Timur the Lame | The conqueror from Samarkand who briefly halted the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. |
| Mehmed II | The Ottoman leader who conquered Constantinople, the greatest feat of Ottoman history. |
| Suleyman the Lawgiver | The greatest Ottoman leader who led the Ottomans to and through the golden age. |
| potlatch | The tribes in the Pacific Northwest displayed their rank and prosperity through this elaborate ceremony. |
| Anasazi | The tribe in the present Four Corners region that built pueblos, |
| Mississippian | The last Mound Builder culture, their civilization was built on trade. |
| totem | A natural object which Native North Americans used as a symbol for a clan or group. |
| Iroquois League | A political alliance among northeastern Native American tribes. |
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